The Effects of Poverty on the Lives of Children Essay -- Papers Britai

The Effects of Poverty on the Lives of Children Child poverty is common in the United Kingdom, 21% of all children were classified as poor in 1995. One child in three spends at least one grade in poverty over his or her lifetime, and for more than 5% of children, poverty lasts 10 years or more. Most poor children are subject to a issue forth of risk factors in addition to low family income nonetheless, research shows that poverty has selective, but in some cases quite substantial, pictures on child and callow well-being. Poor children not only experience material deprivation but also are more likely than non poor children to experience a number of undesirable outcomes including poor health and death, failure in school, out of wedlock births, and violent crime. Child poverty washbowl be reduced by a combination of policies, versions of which are currently in place in the United Kingdom, to help families earn more and supplement earned income with other sources of cash (such as Child Tax Credits and Working Tax Credits). In addition, the effects of poverty can be reduced by programs that provide benefits in the line of goods and services (such as food, housing, and health care) which are vital to childrens well-being. Despite the frequently voiced sentiment that few programs work, the United Kingdom has a number of efficacious programs in place that address the needs of poor children and reduce their numbers, although more can be done. To gather public support, however, interventions to improve conditions for poor children should be arranged with public values that hold society responsible for (a) meeting basic human needs for thos... ...n. Food, shelter, health care, and other necessities are crucial for childrens well-being, and extra income can make life more enjoyable. The important question about which there is debate is whether the things that extra money, above a subsistence level of incom e, would buy make a big difference in child outcomes. The answer to this question is a qualified ?yes.? The qualification reflects the facts that income seems to have a larger, more consistent independent effect on some outcomes (such as school achievement in the early grades) than others (such as teenage childbearing) and that the timing and persistence of poverty are important factors in the size of its impact. These issues are explored further in the ensuing discussion of policies for poor children, which includes recommendations for specific interventions.

Age Ain’t Nothing But a Number Essay -- Essays Papers

Age Aint postcode But a NumberDuring the last thirty years, on that point has been an increase in violent crimes committed by minors. In many of these cases, the minors be faced with harsher charges than what the law declares, such as being charged as adults. The majority of the United States justifies the ripen 18 as when an individual is no yearlong considered a minor. Yet, in the past ten years, the United States has seen the old age of individuals being charged as adults drop. For example, in 1993, Nathan Dunlap a seventeen year-old from my hometown Aurora, Colorado was sentenced to the death penalisation and eight years later, twelve year-old Lionel Tate of Fort Lauderdale, Florida was charged with flavour in prison. Currently the United States government has established age requirements for a minor to be charged as an adult because it is a quick and nominate pragmatic definition (Overton 109). However, a simple age limit is not the proper rule in determining cha rges against an individual. Since each American has a distinct mindset due to their experiences, upbringings, and morals, our laws should reflect that diversity. The court system of the United States should replace the method of use the chronological age of a minor to their mental age when determining the charges against an individual, because it is the state of ones mentality that leads them to commit a crime. During the late eighteen-hundreds, the U.S. added a branch of law that specifically focused on juveniles. The reparation of the nations first juvenile court for children under the age of 16 undefended in 1899 in Chicago, Illinois. The purpose of the juvenile court was to restore criminals instead of prosecuting them as adults. The social reformers that propos... ...rd ed. New York Arnold Publishers, 1999. 16-53.- History of Intelligence Testing. IQTest. Google. 4 Feb. 2005 .- audience with Deborah Yurgelum-Todd. Frontline Inside the adolescent Brain. 2002. PBS.org. 6 Feb. 2005 .- Interview with Jay Giedd, M.D.. Frontline Inside the Teenage Brain. 2002. PBS.org. 6 Feb 2005 .- McKibben, Ginny. Court Files Hold Details of Slayings Accounts of Dunlaps Confession. The Denver Post. 1 Jan. 1996. ProQuest. 28 Jan. 2005 .- Overton, Willis F. Chapter 3 Developmental Psychology Philosophy, Concepts, and Methodology. Handbook of Children Psychology. fifth ed. Ed. William Damon. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998. 109. Age Aint Nothing But a Number Essay -- Essays PapersAge Aint Nothing But a NumberDuring the last thirty years, there has been an increase in violent crimes committed by minors. In many of these cases, the minors are faced with harsher charges than what the law declares, such as being charged as adults. The majority of the United States justifies the age 18 as when an individual is no longer considered a minor. Yet, in the past ten years, the United States has seen the age of individua ls being charged as adults drop. For example, in 1993, Nathan Dunlap a seventeen year-old from my hometown Aurora, Colorado was sentenced to the death penalty and eight years later, twelve year-old Lionel Tate of Fort Lauderdale, Florida was charged with life in prison. Currently the United States government has established age requirements for a minor to be charged as an adult because it is a quick and ready pragmatic definition (Overton 109). However, a simple age limit is not the proper method in determining charges against an individual. Since each American has a different mindset due to their experiences, upbringings, and morals, our laws should reflect that diversity. The court system of the United States should replace the method of using the chronological age of a minor to their mental age when determining the charges against an individual, because it is the state of ones mentality that leads them to commit a crime. During the late eighteen-hundreds, the U.S. added a br anch of law that specifically focused on juveniles. The location of the nations first juvenile court for children under the age of 16 opened in 1899 in Chicago, Illinois. The purpose of the juvenile court was to rehabilitate criminals instead of prosecuting them as adults. The social reformers that propos... ...rd ed. New York Arnold Publishers, 1999. 16-53.- History of Intelligence Testing. IQTest. Google. 4 Feb. 2005 .- Interview with Deborah Yurgelum-Todd. Frontline Inside the Teenage Brain. 2002. PBS.org. 6 Feb. 2005 .- Interview with Jay Giedd, M.D.. Frontline Inside the Teenage Brain. 2002. PBS.org. 6 Feb 2005 .- McKibben, Ginny. Court Files Hold Details of Slayings Accounts of Dunlaps Confession. The Denver Post. 1 Jan. 1996. ProQuest. 28 Jan. 2005 .- Overton, Willis F. Chapter 3 Developmental Psychology Philosophy, Concepts, and Methodology. Handbook of Children Psychology. 5th ed. Ed. William Damon. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 199 8. 109.

Banning Tobacco Essay -- Smoking Cigarettes Cigarette Smoker Smoke

Tobacco Tobacco has been around for many years, and it should be stopped, but can the economy handle it. The tobacco is compass unripened children, and not to mention the nonsmokers as well. The medical effects alone should convince quite a little to stop smoking. Even if the people wanted to quit, its hard because they be already addicted. If the health doesnt stop people from smoking the terms should because this year the tax on tobacco has gone up dramatically. So now the cost is weakening our pockets. The only ones that win in the tobacco field ar the Tobacco Company, because they make all the money. If profits fall, all they have to do is labour a little harder and profits will roll in. But the Tobacco Company does employ a lot of people and is a huge lift off of the economy.There are a lot of smokers and rising, but today more then ever the smokers are the children. By the age 18, about two-thirds of the young p eople in the United States have tried smoking.(Elders 1994) We must not let this happen, the kids are our future, and we should want the best for them, but this will help the tobacco bon ton because Most people are going to smoke are hooked by the time they are 20 years old.(Elders 1994) This will keep the young people from smoking for a long time. We must protect the children from smoking or we are put them in to an early grave. Tobacco is estimated to have caused around three million deaths a year in the early 1990a and rising.(Mccuen 1997) Pretty soon the smokers will get younger and young, we must save the children, or who will.Smokers are not the only ones that are effected by tobacco smoke. Cigarettes dont only kill the smoker, they also kil... ...inors In Your Community, 1992, Stanford CRDP5. Gold, Mark S. Tobacco, 1995, plenum6. Hyde, Margaret O. Know About pot, 1990, New York7. Kessler, David A. weed Regulating Nicotine as a Drug beNecessary, 1995, San Diego8. Mackenzie, Thomas D. Smoking Smoking Should Be Regulated. 1995, San Diego9. Marketguide (1996)http//www.marketguide.com/mgi/snap/7043N.html10. McCuen, Gary E. Tobacco People Profits and Public Health, 1997, Wisconsin11. Pringle, Laurence. Smoking A Risky Business, 1996. New York12. Robertson, Brian. Smoking Cigarette Tax Increase Would BeHarmful, 1995, San Diego13. Waxman, Henry A. Smoking Smoking Should Be Banned in nonresidential Building, 1995, San Diego14.Wilson, Catherine. The Orange County register Secondhand smoke linkedTo more illnesses Health, 1997, Miami

The 2008 Beijing Olympics: China Pushes Towards Modernization Essays

The 2008 Beijing Olympics China Pushes Towards ModernizationThe Olympics are always apply as a way for the host city to put on a display of its culture and show the world its myriad social and economical triumphs. The host country can, in just a couple weeks, show the world what a wonderful place it is. The Olympics have in the past been equal to prompt a world awareness of the host country and create a lingering legacy. Beijing will attempt to do all these things, alone the stakes will be much higher. China is the most populous country in the world and at the center of many global issues. With its portal to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, China do a big step in accepting the challenge from other world powers to uncovered up its marketplaces, address human rights, and transform itself from a developing country to a modern world power. With its official Olympic Action Plan, Beijing has made it its mission to directly address these issues with its emphasis on the concepts of Green Olympics, High-tech Olympics, and Peoples Olympics. Indeed, Beijing is maneuvering itself into position to use its fifteen minutes at the center of the world stage to put on quite a show. At the same time, Beijing can use the opportunity of putting on the Games to better its economic position in the world. Chinas economic growth has been tender due to foreign investment in Chinese manufacturing. The skip will continue. Foreign investment for the Games will stimulate growth while Chinese manufacturers will be able to exploit the new export market for Olympic goods. At the same time, China hopes to boost its position in making its own high tech developments to go along with its already strong manufacturing sector. While change in C... ...ent Strategy Issues and Prospects. Japan Institute of Developing Economies, 2001.Phillips, Richard. Big Business Demands a Corporate Olympics. 16 March 1999. World collectivised Web Site. 1 June 2003 .Studwell, Joe. The China Dream The Elusive Quest for the Greatest Untapped Market on Earth. London Profile Books , 2002. Tseng, Wanda, and Markus Rodlauer, eds. China Competing in the spheric Economy. Washington D.C. Interational Monetary Fund, 2003.US Commerical Service. Beijing 2008 Olympics. 2003. 1 June 2003 .US textile quota plan critized. Xinhua Economic News Service Beijing 25 April 2003.Webber, Michael, Mark Wang, and Zhu Ying, eds. Chinas Transition to a Global Economy. New York Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

The Truth about Crime Prevention Essay -- Crime Violence Job Corps Ess

The Truth about Crime Prevention The truth about evil streak is more complex less(prenominal) utopian than some liberals would like, but far more promising than conservatives will admit. Prevention can work and that it can be far less costly, in every sense, than continuing to rely on incarceration as out first defense against dotty crimes. Instead of simply insisting that prevention is better than incarceration, then, we need to pinpoint more clearly what kinds of prevention workand why some programs work and others do not, the most encouraging efforts share all- classic(prenominal) characteristics there are reasons why they work, whether the target population is abusive families, vulnerable teens, or serious juvenile offenders whove already broken the law. Likewise, there are reasons why other programs fail, no matter how fashionable or popular they may be. Given what weve learned about crime prevention in recent years, intravenous feeding priorities seem particularly critica l preventing child abuse and neglect, enhancing childrens intellectual and social development, providing support and guidance to vulnerable adolescents and working intensively with juvenile offenders. These arent the preventive strategies that can make a difference, but they are the ones that offer the strongest evidence of effectiveness. And they also fit our growing understanding of the roots delinquency and violent crime. The first priority is to invest serious resources in the prevention of child abuse and neglect. The evidence is compelling that this is where much of the violent crime that plagues us begins, especially the kinds of violence we fear the most. It is known that most abused children never go on to injure others. But the correlation between later violent crime and childhood abuse is strong and consistent, especially for the most serious kinds of violence. It turned out that being abused or neglected had curt effect, if any, on underage forms of delinquency. B ut for serious delinquencyand violent crime in particular it mattered a great deal. The youths who had been abused were arrested or so twice as often, and reported almost twice as many violent offenses. The ideology is that if we prevent these tragedies, we can reduce violent crime. The Elmira program is amongst one of the programs that have been developed. This program served vulnerable loosely white, poor, young, and m... ...programs. The last priority in crime prevention is to invest time and attention in youths who have already begun a serious delinquent flight. All of the programs weve considered up to now were designed to keep young people out of difficulty in the first place. But it is also critically important to halt the downward slide of youths who are already in trouble. Hence, keeping troubled youth from becoming chronic offenders by addressing, early on, whatever got them into trouble in the first place should be crucial part of any serious preventive strategy a gainst crime. The above is by no means an stark(a) list. The author have focused on these programs because they not only offer encouraging evidence of success but also provide glimpses into the more conglomerate question of what it is that makes succeed likely. They reveal some themes that can help can help us design programs that work even betterand avoid wasting resources o ones that probably cannot work at all. It is nowadays often said that either we dont know how to do this or that it would make little difference to the crime create even if we did. But nowhere does the conservative depart more sharply from reality.

The Truth about Crime Prevention Essay -- Crime Violence Job Corps Ess

The Truth about Crime Prevention The truth about crime prevention is more complicated less utopian than any(prenominal) liberals would like, but far more promising than conservatives will admit. Prevention can pass water and that it can be far less costly, in every sense, than chronic to rely on incarceration as out first defense against violent crimes. Instead of simply insisting that prevention is better than incarceration, then, we need to soupcon more clearly what kinds of prevention workand why some programs work and others do not, the most encouraging efforts share important characteristics there are reasons why they work, whether the target population is abusive families, vulnerable teens, or serious juvenile offenders whove already broken the law. Likewise, there are reasons why other programs fail, no involvement how fashionable or popular they may be. Given what weve learned about crime prevention in recent years, four priorities seem especially little preventing child abuse and neglect, enhancing childrens intellectual and social development, providing support and guidance to vulnerable adolescents and working intensively with juvenile offenders. These arent the preventive strategies that can control a difference, but they are the ones that offer the unattackableest evidence of effectiveness. And they also fit our growing understanding of the roots unrighteousness and violent crime. The first priority is to invest serious resources in the prevention of child abuse and neglect. The evidence is compelling that this is where much of the violent crime that plagues us begins, especially the kinds of violence we fear the most. It is cognise that most abused children never go on to injure others. But the correlation between later violent crime and childhood abuse is strong and consistent, especially for the most serious kinds of violence. It turned out that being abused or neglected had little effect, if any, on minor forms of delinquency. Bu t for serious delinquencyand violent crime in particular it mattered a great deal. The youths who had been abused were arrested almost twice as often, and reported almost twice as many another(prenominal) violent offenses. The ideology is that if we prevent these tragedies, we can reduce violent crime. The Elmira program is amongst one of the programs that have been developed. This program served vulnerablemostly white, poor, young, and m... ...programs. The last priority in crime prevention is to invest time and attention in youths who have already begun a serious delinquent career. All of the programs weve considered up to presently were designed to keep young people out of trouble in the first show up. But it is also critically important to halt the downward fall away of youths who are already in trouble. Hence, keeping troubled youth from becoming chronic offenders by addressing, early on, whatever got them into trouble in the first place should be crucial part of any s erious preventive strategy against crime. The above is by no means an exhaustive list. The author have cogitate on these programs because they not only offer encouraging evidence of success but also provide glimpses into the more complicated question of what it is that makes succeed likely. They exhibit some themes that can help can help us design programs that work even betterand avoid wasting resources o ones that probably cannot work at all. It is nowadays often said that either we dont know how to do this or that it would make little difference to the crime arrive at even if we did. But nowhere does the conservative depart more sharply from reality.

The Educational Connoisseurship Model of Elliot W Eisner

The American educator and philosopher of program line Elliot W. Eisner is an ideal theorist to examine when determining the best ways, means, and measures to set standards for an unsophisticated mathematics give instruction curriculum. Eisner was unapologetic in his demand for what he called the exercise of standards-based artistry and the development of connoisseurship in cultivation, and for what some of his critics have called elitism in feeler the educational process.However, Eisners called for standards, although Eisner is particularly kn birth for his work in arts education, makes his hands-on theories of education both useful and inspiring to elementary school math teachers. Eisners examination of process and the artistry of education in The Enlightened Eye proved that he was attempting extension of his thinking to qualitative research into education and to the sciences as well as humanities.To conceive of students as artists who do their art in science, in the arts, or t he humanities, is, after all, both a daunting and a profound aspiration, he w rote learning later on, but education is not an assembly line, rather the field of education has much to learn from the arts about the design of education. It is time to embrace a new model for improving our schools, where the school functions as a laboratory of innovation and experimentation.For Eisner, experience is an intensely variable and individualised event, something acquired via a combination of ones senses visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory assembled according to a personal schema, and then made public expressed, typically, by the same sensory modalities utilized in the initial acquisition. (Lloyd-Zannini, 1998, cited by Smith, 2005) Again, this is an inspiration in particular for an elementary math school class for it stresses that learning must be experiential, exciting, yet still transmit something beyond pure fun or feeling.Cooking to teach fractions followed by a test ask ing students to shrink or expand the recipe, to show that knowledge had been conveyed would be keeping with this approach. For Eisner, our great power to know is based in our ability to construct valuable and real-life meaning from experiences in a coherent fashion. Despite his advancement of the importance of connoisseurship and objurgation, Eisner began his own education as a teacher in an egalitarian setting. While in college Elliot Eisner worked with African American boys in the American Boys Commonwealth in the neighborhood where he grew up.He said later that this confirmed his view that there must be a solid aesthetic behind art education and a better exploration of arts historical context. Approaches which simply gave children arts materials in the hope that their creativity faculty flow resulted in programs with little or no structure, limited artistic content and few meaningful aims and were ultimately patronizing in their approach to students ability to gain useful kn owledge that would gain them advancement in life. (Smith, 2005)From his bureaucratic experiences, Eisner also began to frown upon the stress on teachers team meetings, which he said discouraged effective praxis and only encouraged talk amongst educators. He said such communal sharing of knowledge is useless if the theories that atomic number 18 generated cannot be used to help students. For example, hearing about a colleagues problems teaching decimals may be instructive, and help all teacher draw on a range of techniques, but a good educator is one who can combine the different techniques and improvise regarding the particular situation and set of students needs.Eisner believed that teachers needed to work together, but they also needed to accept criticism from principles and administrators in the classroom, in terms of the results generated by their efforts-just like students should not be so protected from criticism in assessments of their qualitative and quantitative work, eith er Eisner stressed that educators must strive discover the truth in real-life situations, experiences and phenomenon. As Eisner himself stated, effective criticism functions as the midwife to perception.It helps it come into being, then later refines it and helps it to become more acute. (1998, p. 6) Connoisseurship of appreciation of a work of art or a skill, and of our own ability to master a skill may allow us to appreciate a theory, but criticism is also necessary to bring education to the next level. In other words, in the arts, one must make, and learn about previous art, but also accept evaluations of ones knowledge. In math, students must learn, but also show they can perform and utilize the skills they are taught beyond mere regurgitation.Likewise, teacher education itself must not be purely theoretically based. Good teachers know, says Eisner, that even to talk about effectiveness as though it were independent of the kind of intellectual values that schools ought to suppo rt, seems ill conceived. attentive educators are not simply interested in achieving known effects they are interested as much in surprise, in discovery, in the fantastic side of life and its development as in hitting predefined targets achieved through routine procedures.In some sense our aim ought to be to convert the school from an academic institution into an intellectual one. That shift in the culture of schooling would represent a profound shift in emphasis and in direction. In other words, the elementary school curriculum should invest the same trust in students, and make the same demands of them as higher levels of education, rather than stress rote learning.However, combined with this disdain for rote, Eisner is equally vehement that this experiential learning must always have the fundamentals at its focus. Strain the limits of schooling, test students beyond order multiple-choice exams, but do not use these techniques as an excuse for instilling real knowledge in young minds. Idealistic, and perhaps impractical-but an inspiring aim for any teacher, regardless of grade area or subject matter, to reach for.

Home Reading Report Essay

1. Could this story be square(a)? yesWhy? State your reason in two or three sentences. This story could be true because in our lives now we cast to fight for our love ones and that we have to protect them. Even though if we have to give up something we have to do in order for us to prove to the people that we can live together with our family and that our family is more important.2. List three major characters and delineate each.a)Elizabeth Bennet The econd of the Bennet daughters at twenty years old, she is intelligent, lively, attractive, and witty. b)Mr. Darcy Twenty-eight years old and unmarried, Darcy is the wealthy owner of the famous family estate of Pemberley in Derbyshire. Handsome, tall, and intelligent. c)Jane Bennet Twenty-two years old when the fable begins, she is considered the most beautiful young lady in the neighbourhood. She is sweeter, shyer, sensible but not as clever as Elizabeth.3. Name the character that you like best. face your reason in not less that 60 words. I like Elizabeth Bennet because I can see myself in her. I am so protective when it comes to my family I constantly defend them from rumors about us. I always regard my family to be happy and no problems at all I want them to live happily. Just like Elizabeth Bennet she cares so much for her family especially whe it somes to the love affairs of her sibling and especially Jane Bennet towards Charles Bingley. She was willing to do anything in order for her sister and her family to be happy and she was willing to sacrifice her love for Mr. Darcy so that they will live all happily.4. Pick out beautiful lines from the control and be able to explain them. Think only of the past as its remembrance gives you pleasure. I choose this beautiful line from the book because this line in addition describes myself. Everytime something bad happens or im scared I just close my eyes and try to remember the happy moments I had with my family and with my friends. I just look derriere to t hose happy moments so that I can still move on and try to be after. Everytime I try to remember all the Happy moments I had brushing I just start laughing by myself and it really gives me pleasure when I remember those because those happy moments I had will be farewell of my treasured moments and I will always treasure them no theme what. I always want to be happy so that i wont grow old so fast and just keep living and make more adventures with you friends and family so that when you grow old you still have so much memories to share with your family. And everytime you remember those you ould laugh and laughter is the best medicine.5. Give the synopsis of the story. disdain and Prejudice is the story of Mrs. and Mr. Bennet and their five daughters, Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine and Lydia, especially Elizabeth. The story focuses on various romantic adventures these young girls encounter at their residence. Their parents are strikingly contrasting to each other. Mr. Bennet comes across as a wise and witty gentleman, while the issue of marrying off her daughters has absorbed Mrs. Bennet completely. The arrival of the young and wealthy bachelor Charles Bingley and his friend Fitzwilliam Darcy in the neighborhood adds a new twist to Austens tale. While Jane Bennet, the oldest and most beautiful of the Bennet sisters, attracts Mr. Bingleys eye and sparks fly, Darcy up implants another sister, Elizabeth, with his proud behavior and arrogance.She is now looking for every opportunity to demean Darcy and see him down. However, as fate would have it, Darcy finds himself drawn to Elizabeths liveliness and independent spirit, when she comes to visit Jane at Netherlands, Bingleys residence. This doesnt set well will Bingleys sister, Caroline, and her jealousy becomes quite apparent. In the mean time, Elizabeth meets a young and charming military officer, George Wickham.Wickham who tells Elizabeth about his past mistreatments at the detention of Darcy. This grows Eliza beths disdain for Darcy. As the story progresses, even Elizabeth finds herself attracted to Darcy. Darcy proposes to her, much to her surprise. He tells Elizabeth that he had been fighting and trying to overcome his feelings for her, due to her familys inferiority. Feeling insulted, she rejects the proposition saying that she dislikes Darcy as he mistreated Mr. Wickham and is also responsible for separating Jane and Bingley.The next da,y she receives a letter from Darcy, narrating an alternate version of events.Things once again go release between the duo, due to certain misunderstandings. Some time later, they meet again and Elizabeth comes to know that Darcy is a kind and generous man and that he has played a major role in bringing Jane and Bingley together. Darcy musters the courage to propose her once again and this time, Elizabeth accepts the proposal. Jane and Bingley also clear their misconceptions and come together as the climax unfolds. Pride and Prejudice is the story of the various fondness, mannerisms and engagement pranks that develop due to Mrs. Bennets insistent matchmaking and the dashing Darcys passionate relationship with Elizabeth Bennet.6. What morals did you chance upon from the story? Describe a significant human experince to illustrate the moral (s) learned. From the story Pride and Prejudice I learned that no matter what problems we encounter our family will always be there to support one another and that our family always comes first and that I also have to protect thema dndefend them no matter what will happen because our family has always been there ever since we our little kids and that they know whatis right or wrong for us. They know us better than our friends does. If my sister encounters a problem i will always be here to defend her and always stay at her side and that no matter what she will always be my sister, same goes with my family. I love my family so much.

Economy and Critical Thinking Essay

1. The purpose of antitrust policy is to evoke __competition among firms_____, which leads to lower __price for customers______. Explain why this is so? The purpose of antitrust policy is to promote competition, which leads to lower prices. If a company had the power of price control that add ups with being a monopoly, they would profit by picking the quantity/price that equals the highest revenue for their company. This would be likely a lower quantity and higher price than would prevail if thither was competition. Combining operations could lead to greater efficiency. Cost savings could come by combining HR or accounting depts. The main problem with cost savings is that a monopoly does not have the pressure to operate efficiently.2. contain a healthy baseball game pitcher is worth $5 million per year to his team, comp atomic number 18d to only $1 million for an unhealthy one. According to a baseball executive, If my assumptions are correct, our team is willing to gift a maximu m of $3 million for a pitcher in the free-agent market. What are the executives assumptions? are these assumptions realistic? The executive is assuming that there is asymmetric culture out there about certain pitchers, meaning that the team that is selling the players has more discipline on his health than the uninformed buyer, the executive. So a reasonable assumption is that the executive will split the difference in the mixed market and pay the average, which is $3 million. The executive does have realistic assumptions, simply for the fact that he has asymmetric information, and is not fully notified of the players injury status.3. Imperfect information can go both ways. What are some examples (your own, not from the text) of market situations in which the seller has more information than the buyer and some examples in which the buyer has more information than the seller?One example where the seller knows more than the buyer would be when you are purchasing a house, the buyer does not know if there are any problems with the foundation or roofing or if all the appliances work well or will continue to work well. The seller does know, because they have lived there long enough to know what is in good shape and what is in bad shape on thehouse. An example of the buyer knowing more than the seller is in the antique market, because the buyer may know more history about what they are buying than the seller. The seller may not have regulate as much time into researching the products.4. Critical Thinking All states, of which I am aware, require automobile owners to insure their vehicle. Yet, studies show that having amends actually increases the likeliness of an accident and increases the likelihood of a car / bicycle accident. Discuss why this is so. Who is protected and who is harmed by required automobile insurance? The reason that having insurance increases the likelihood of an accident is due to the moral adventure associated with car insurance. This is a situation in which one side of an economic relationship takes undesirable or pricey actions that the other side cannot observe. For instance, Marys car insurance company doesnt know that she occasionally texts while driving because they cant physically see her driving.Mary does this because she assumes that if anything happens, she is insured and she will be able to financially cover the costs of any accident. It takes the responsibility off of Mary (slightly) and puts it on the insurance company which makes Mary act more recklessly. The person driving the vehicle is somewhat more protected because of insurance. They are able to financially cover losses to other drivers due to their negligence and risk taking. However, the other drivers on the road and the pedestrians that may be out walking are harmed by this added moral hazard because, lets face it, all the insurance in the world wont bring someone back if Mary is texting and driving and kills them.

Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth

This short essay contains an outline of the pertinent points and concepts discussed by R. business community Fuller In his essay Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, which puts forward angiotensin-converting enzyme argument for evolution. Earth is besides eight pace miles in diameter, which is intimately a negligible dimension in the great vastness of space. Our nearest star the sun is ninety-two million miles away. The nearest star after that is one hundred thousand times further. It takes approximately four and one-third years for light to get to us (Fuller 1969 Pl) It puts us Into perspective.We are Just one of nine planets In one of one Right now, we are traveling at sixty-thousand miles an hour around the sun, as well as spinning axially, which adds approximately one thousand miles per hour to our motion. Each minute we both spin at one hundred miles and zip in orbit at one thousand miles. besides our earth is so extraordinarily well invented that we dont feel this. To our knowledge, humans have got been on earth for two million years and not scour been aware of this. Its so superbly designed that It Is fit to keep life regenerating despite the fact that it should be impossible.Fuller 1969 Pl ) To our knowledge, the sun has to be at Just the right distance away from us to be able to emit the energy we and our readys need to survive but not too close as to fry us. We also have to have the perfect amount of gravitational pull to hold us to the earth. Too a great deal and we wouldnt be able to move but not enough and we would stray off Into space. If either one of these were to be slightly out of place we wouldnt exist. This, from our knowledge to date 18. 10. 13, is proven by the fact that in our Milky-way we are the only planet with life form.Thats not to disprove that in the future we loud find new(prenominal) life forms existing on different planets in other galaxies. It is statistically probable that there are other planets homing oth er species because of the fact that there are approximately one hundred billion other galaxies. There are approximately 8. 7 million different animal species on earth (Moral, C et all 2011) plus other 400,000 different species of plant Offers 2008) All of these survive on the earths surface. However theres not just one of each species.For example, there are approximately 7,186,560,610 humans on this planet (accurate at 10maam 18/10/13). Current World Population 2013) If we assume that every species has that number of participants then you are looking at 6. 5397702 x ION 6 (calculated by humans x animal species + humans x plant species) Thats a lot for one planet to keep alive. Its amazing that we even exist and yet we do. Not only do we exist but we have evolved. Quite clearly, all of life as designed and born is suddenly helpless at the moment of birth and humans stay helpless for a lot longer than any other species. intellect. We had to experience and learn how to contend with d ifficulties and wrought super reviews of the compound facts of experiences using intellect we found awareness. We can differentiate between the red berries that will kill us and the red berries that will nourish us. (Fuller 1969 UP) We have also learnt to cultivate more of these botanical edibles by genetically inbreeding (Fuller 1969 Pl) Only as man learned to generalize fundamental principles of physical universe did man learn to us his intellect effectively. (Fuller 1969 UP) We have been able to discover and understand science. That we are endowed with such intuitive and intellectual capabilities which we have gained from experiences and the earth have meant that we are able to discover fundamental principles governing the fundamental design of life. (Fuller 1969 UP) For example, R. N. A (Ribonucleic Acid) and D. N. A (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and in discovering these we have been able to increase our survival potentials millions fold. (Fuller 1969 UP) In conclusion, we are o nly one small species on one tiny planet in the great vastness of space and so really we are inconsequential.Yet what we have achieved, the percussions and effects we piss Just go to show that whilst we may be small we are powerful. In the past 2,000 years we have evolved from thinking the earth is flat to realizing that not only is the earth round but that it is part of a universe. From this we have created rockets that can take us out of our earths atmosphere and into space. Give us another 500+ years and we will have achieved Warp Speed technology. The fact that our planet can have, sustain and regenerate millions of life forms only emphasizes our potential and proves how much more we can learn.

Doris Lessing’s “To Room 19” Symbols

Women in patriarchal societies are brought up to have certain values, homogeneous to have a zest to be good mothers and good wives. However, as much as they try to do these things, they find that their exasperations and instincts are put d avouch and this leads to misery and insanity. Women have diffuse their concerns intimately the problems of organismness a muliebrity in a mans society for years. Feminist literature existed before feminism as a movement did. Finally, in the 20th century, this led to the second and third waves of feminism criticizing the limitations of patriarchal and sexist society for women.Doris Lessing in her story To Room Nineteen uses m some(prenominal) emblems to explain how women in patriarchal society feel oppressed and unfulfilled. Here I would like to discuss the symbols I consider to be the most important. These symbols are the snake have its admit tail , the rally, poison and the shell. When the narrator begins to explain Susans feel, she de scribes how ideal and cloudless it seemed to be. She shows that marriage of the Rawlings was grounded in intelligence and how much things finally turned out to became a failure of intelligence(251) .This transition is used to explain how women in a patriarchal society feel, how despite all their efforts they end up being unhappy. The narrator, speech about Rawlings, provides the analogy of a snake biting its tail(253). Chris Sheridan in his article Ancient Wisdom for Modern Problems states that traditionally symbol of snake consume its own tail used to symbolize the eternal cycle of life, wholeness or infinity. Yet, in Lessings story the snake eating its own tail is a symbol of endless futility and absurdity of their life.Matthews course for the sake of Susan, children, house and garden which caravanserai needed a well paid job to maintain it. And Susans practical intelligence for the sake of Matthew, the children, the house and the garden which unit would collapse in a week w ithout her (253). Susan feels that all of her work is basically meaningless, that like in the Red Queens race they are just running as fast as they net in order to stay in the aforementioned(prenominal) place.She realizes that her life is basically just maintenance and survival with no further hopes. Theorist Denis Kandiyoti in his work Bargaining With Patriarchy says that women in male prevalent society, women like Susan end up bargaining with patriarchy, realizing either consciously or unconsciously that they cant have everything they want so they take what they can come in in a patriarchal society (274-276). Women strategize within a set of concrete constraints, which I identify as patriarchal bargains.Different forms of patriarchy present women with discrete rules of the game and call for different strategies to maximize security and optimize life options with varying potential for active or passive resistance in the face of oppression (Kandiyoti, 274). This bargaining with patriarchy can be seen in the fact that the snake biting its own tail normally and traditionally is a symbol of place possibilities, however here it becomes a symbol of vain hopes and of limitations. Susans life is not infinite it is dreary with gloomy prospects.The compromises that Susan has to consume are a part of reasons that befuddle Susan go to her insanity. She tries to find a way of living with her husbands infidelities or with merely taking care of her children, but these bargains fail and she is unable to be happy. Susans feeling, that her life has no meaning or point, is also a feeling of dishonor. Susan feels shame at her thoughts that all of these are pointless for her. After all, this is everything society is telling her she should have She feels unappreciative that she isnt happy, but cant resolve that feeling. Susan is far from alone in this.As Anna Sandiou points out in her article To Room Nineteen. What Doris Lessing Has to Say About Women, that literature lik e Lessings was part of the first gear of a feminist movement that identified problems like Susans as not as being personal failure but on the contrary being general problems of the society. While Susans madness can be explained as the result of the clash between her impulsive, complex personality and the orderliness of the Victorian Angel, it can also be seen as resulting from the conflict between her private wishes and the public expectations that were placed on her, and on women in general. (Sandoiu)The common social problems of women are why neither one of them, Susan or Matthew, can look at any part of their marriage and say, For the sake of this is all the rest (253). Matthew does everything in his power to make Susan happy, asking her how her day was (not as interesting, but that was not her fault), and trying to support her because both knew of the hidden passion and deprivations of the woman who lived her own life and is now dependent on a husband (254). Matthew does cheat on her, but Susan and Matthew end up agreeing that this is natural (255).All of this, however, makes Susan feel that she was being poisoned by resentment and that she was a prisoner (263). As the narrator explains, She must tell Matthew but what? She was filled with emotions that were utterly ridiculous, that she despised (264). Like many women, Susan was trying her best to be happy and grateful in a situation that she emotionally hated. The symbols of poison and prison, both slow and dreadful, are used to emphasize how Susan can be damage even as she seems good on the outside.Her entire family with a kind of surprise, which she despises, treats even those things that Susan negotiates to make herself-importance feel better. She wants a way of life to herself to calm down and do her own tasks, but even this idea annoys her. Many serious conversations took place between Matthew and the children about not taking Mother for granted. Susan overheard the first and was surprised at he r irritation over it. Surely she could have a room somewhere in that big house and retire into it without such a fuss being made? (266).Susan finds herself annoyed that the process of expressing her feelings and finding a way to be little happier must be such a big deal. Her anger is equal in her guilt as devils of exasperation that forces her to hide in the garden (267). Devil is a very important symbol. Matthew explanation that .. family sometimes get on top of a woman annoys her deeply because she does not allow herself to believe that the problem isnt the woman, its the family(267) . Susan is unable to explain the true cause of her feelings, so she finds that they become devils (267).As Anna Sandiou puts it, Susan wonders whether something is abuse with her, the term wrong pointing to how hard she is on herself and how little she is able to accept her emotions. Susan struggles with the guilt of perception of her personal failing. She is incapable to accept that she does not h ave a personal failing, that she is simply unhappy because the patriarchal society doesnt allow the happiness for women. This is what leads her to her suicide. To Room Nineteen clearly demonstrates the emotional weight of those public expectations imposed on women like Susan who just want to be good, smart, and free.A woman who wants to be a woman in a different way than that society has fain for her(Sandiou) The symbol of the devil continues to be important doneout the story. When her room ultimately became a family room again, she howled with impatience, with rage and prayed to God to keep the devil away (267-268). She imagines the devil as young-looking, energetic, almost a sexual object (268). Her shame, her struggle, and her debate against her emotions causes her to see the devil. Moreover, in her growing suffering she realizes that there is a danger because Ive seen him.He is lurking in the garden and sometimes even in the house, and he wants to get into me and to take me o ver (268). We may say that the idea of demonic possession is a symbol of the passions that are being repressed by the demands of Victorian patriarchal society. And the attractiveness of the devil may represent unfulfilled sexual desire and passion for having a better life, which her society is not allowed her to have. The fact that the demons are certainly the symbols of her passions becomes clear in the final scene of the story, when she begins to plan her suicide by gas.The demons were not here. They were gone forever, because she was buying her freedom from them. She was slipping already into the dark fructifying dream that seemed to caress her inwardly (288). Susans denial of her passions leads her life to be so unworthy that she cant fight against suicide anymore. A very critical symbol that is used, though it is mentioned only once, is the idea of a shell (279). She was surprised no one saw through her, that she wasnt turned out of doors, as a fake. On the contrary, it seeme d that the children loved her more (279).Like a real shell, Susans persona is actually loved more because it is never about her or her happiness, such as Matthew tries to make her happy in his own way. It is about others happiness. The persona, the shell, is not seen through because no one wants to see through it. No one really wants to peel the shell and see the actually angry, desiring woman underneath who wants something more from her life than what she has gotten. Eventually, when Susan kills herself what has been remained a body, a shell. Her existence as a mother and a wife was more important to others than her actual feelings or desires.She felt so much guilt and shame about her true self that she had to end her life to keep the illusion. Therefore, when she removes her shell in the final moments as she is considering suicide, she is able to free her true self and no longer has to see the demons. We may consider the shell is in part a symbol of alienation (Quawas, 107). As R ula Quawas explains it in her article Lessings To Room Nineteen Susans excursion into the Inner Space of Elsewhere, Doris Lessing draws extensively on womens inner, private experiences and their departure from the unsatisfactory reality of life in an alienated and alienating society (107).Also, she claims that Susan is a woman who discards the various garments and social roles she has worn and adopted, retreats into her room and experiences her own elsewhere (107). It seams to me that one of the great taunts of the story is that the hotel room far from her family is so important to her as her own room that Susan is willing to wait in a hall full of disinfectant in order just to be in there, while the room that she tried to make for herself in her house became just another part of her prison and eventually another family room.It ends up that Susan wears the shell and this shell is a symbol of her alienation, and her final death symbolizes, reflects the impossibility of the freedom for women in patriarchal society. In conclusion, I would like to repeat that the story is about a failure in intelligence. However, we have to admit that nothing is intelligent about patriarchy. Patriarchal society oppressed women, didnt treat them seriously and the most accepted roles for a woman were only a wife and a mother. No one in a patriarchal society could really tried to understand the needs of any real woman. Susan happened to be unable to live in those circumstances.All of the symbols in the story are about the transformed ideas The snake eating its own tail becomes a symbol of infinite hopelessness instead of infinite possibility her own passions becomes to be viewed as devils because they are socially inconvenient and can not be accepted by society the good life that she is living becomes a shell covered her pain her entire existence becomes to be an existence of a poisoned prisoner. The symbol of the snake eating its tail, the devils, the poison and the shell all help the reader to reinforce the fact that this pain is a deeply social one.

Psychology and Motivation Essay

What are some of the limitations of traditional approaches to motif? Discuss this question, referring to at least three specific management theories and considering the historical context in which these ideas were developed or adopted.indigence in general refers to the result of behavioral changes in reaction to internal or external stimuli. Analysis can be done at the individual psychological level too. The studies attempt to understand bulks behaviour and come up with general conclusions from individual cases. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009) most classified motivation as either a product or a process (Winne & Marx, 1989). In viewpoint as a product, motivation refers to forgetingness, desire, or condition of stimulation. On the other hand, it can also be known as the cognitive and affective processes where level of motivation or goal-directed behaviour is determined (Pintrich & Schunk, 2002). From this viewpoint, motivation refers not just to an closing curtain relegate, but a lso to the cognitive processes that control how the end state is achieved (Winne & Marx, 1989).This perceptive contradicts with the hypothesis to which one relates motivation with achievement or performance (Alexander & Winne, 2006). Numerous theories prolong been made on motivation. Some of the traditional approaches from most quoted theorists would be the classic theory from Frederick W. Taylor and the traditional motive approach pioneered by Henry Murray. Taylor advocated the theory that people will be exceedingly motivated if their reward is tied directly to performance. It creates assumption that one would choose the path that is most financially profitable and that money is the best motivation. Studies have shown that financial opportunity can definitely result in improvements especially in excogitates with lower socio-economic rankings. It cannot be denied that money can motivate most people, but many another(prenominal) have risen above it. Example would be religious m issionaries, whereby they renounced financial guarantor for greater spiritual satisfaction (Lorenzana, 1993).Murrays work contributed most to the grow of the achievement motive tradition. Summarizing from his classic work, Explorations in Personality, he uses the concept of pick up, to explain motivation in two district senses. First, whenone is in a state of need, fulfilling end situations unremarkably come to mind, resulting in one experiencing a sense of desire or wish. Desire will lead to intention and purpose and afterwards to strivings. Whereas the bulk of Murrays theoretical attention focused on demand as motivational processes, he also used the term need to mark individual differences in hidden nature. In the second sense, a need indicates a potentiality or readiness to respond toward a particular end under particular stimulus conditions. The inevitably account for majority of motivated behaviour. Viscerogenic needs such as need for food that involves bodily tensions and satisfactions, and psychogenic need such as need for affiliation that involve psychological tensions and satisfactions are directly link to the achievement area.The first is the need of achievement, which he defined as the desire to accomplish something difficult to excel one self-importance and to surpass others, to increase self-regard by successful exercise of talent. The second is the need for in avoidance, defined as the desire to avoid humiliation, quit embarrassing situations or to avoid conditions which may lead to belittlement. Although for subsequent motivation researchers, Murrays need proven too numerous and too broadly defined, his influence in the development of the field is unmistakable (Efklides, Kuhl & Sorrentino, 2001). The research and key outing of Frederick Herzberg and Abraham H. Maslow is the basis of much of the work in the field of human motivation. In Year 1941, Maslow witnessed a pathetic and beggarly civilian parade, after the bombing of Pearl Harbo r, in that respectafter Maslow developed his theories of motivation by dint of with(predicate) observation by distinguishing the two types of motives deficiency motives and growth motives.The previous involve drive reduction and filling an internal lack, while the latter correspond to a higher(prenominal) level of functioning, including pleasurable tension increases and fulfilling ones unique potential (Ewan, 2003). Building on Murrays work, Maslow form one of the most healthful recognized theories of motivation. He identified that there is a hierarchical relationship between the different needs that one have and the basic needs have to be met before the higher level of needs can act as behavioural motivators. The hierarchy of needs from the lowest to highest is physiological (physical survival) needs, safety and security needs, social needs, self-esteem needs and self-actualization needs (Maslow, 1943) (Refer to Appendix 1). How constantly, there were limitations to the hierarc hy ofneeds model. In reality, people do not work necessarily in accordance to the levels. They are less structuralizing in satisfying their needs. Many can overcome some needs not being met and go on to higher level. Different people with different cultural backgrounds and in different situations may have different hierarchies of needs too.Furthermore, his theory is almost non-testable. The concept is rather shady with many important questions unanswered such as all the needs to be included in each category. Although Maslow clearly states the characteristics of the self-actualizing individual, he has chosen these features mainly on his own subjective judgment using little objective statistical analysis. And due to the limitations, his perspective generated very little experimental research (Carducci, 2009). Herzbergs two-factor theory of motivation was based on Maslows hierarchy of needs. (Hollway, 1991) In a research conducted by Herzberg and his associates on 200 engineers and a ccountants, they identified two groups of factors which unwrap explanation on motivation known as the hygiene factor (job context) and motivator factor (job content).The hygiene factor consisted environmental factors such as salary, supervision, status, job security, working conditions, company policy and administration and interpersonal relations. They named this as hygiene factors as it aids to remove potential cause of dissatisfaction in job situation. Although these factors will not motivate people, they must, however, be present or dissatisfaction will arise. In the other group of factors, Herzberg and his associates revealed what they considered to be real motivators or satisfiers. These factors include the work itself, recognition, and advancement, the incident of growth, responsibility and achievement (Lorenzana, 1993) (Refer to Appendix 2). In short, hygiene factors allow one to satisfy basic needs and avoid pain, while motivators reflect peoples need for esteem and self- fulfillment (Sargent, 1990).Herzbergs were criticized by some researchers as the theory was largely based on research with accountants and engineers, so the findings may not apply to shop-floor employees or clerical staff (Sargent, 1990). The age group, gender, job scope and other significant factors index be overlooked in conducting the research. Besides, salary might be one of the motivation factors too, not just to settle dissatisfaction. One prominent attempt to show the connection between different models of motivation and managerial practice was made byDouglas McGregor in his book, The Human Side of Enterprise (1960). He wrote in his book that Man is a wanting animal as soon as one of his needs is satisfied, another appear in its place. McGregor was greatly impacted by Maslow, building on Maslows hierarchy of needs framework, he came up with two sets of assumptions nearly people Theory X and Theory Y. He strongly believed that effective leadership depends on management assu mptions about the nature of management and people in general (Sargent, 1990)Theory X stress that the average man winning is naturally lazy, dislike work of any kind and will avoid it whenever possible. One has no ambition and prefers to be led rather than lead and take responsibility. One can be self-centred and degage to the needs of the organization. Moreover, he is gullible and not particularly bright or judicious. Worst, he is unsusceptible to change. They need a mixture of carrot and stick to perform (Lorenzana, 1993) (Refer to appendix 3). Theory Y, on the other hand, defend that the average mankind is not laid-back, nor is he without urge to assume responsibility. He can be self-motivated, and find self-satisfaction in work if the right kind of environment is provided by managers. They are people not by nature passive or resistant to organizational needs (Lorenzana, 1993). One weakness of Theory X is that it exercises a form of social control characterized by strict obedien ce to the authority of the organization, and aliment and enforcement of control through the employ of oppressive dealings including intimation and mockery of employees.Theory X and Theory Y could hardly be applied as perfect models in the real world. It cannot be accepted too literally due to the dichotomy of unrealistic extremes (Stevens, 2009). Back to where I started from, a more philosophical direction can be used to approach motivation as some theorists see motivation as a much more lordly experience. Motivation itself can form behaviours that lead to increases in future motivation. Maslows concept of self-actualization could be applied within this framework (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009). Many theorists build on one another theory in aspiration to come up with a more comprehensive approach to motivation, as well as through the research of psychology and behaviour of one. Though there might be limitations to each theory, they are still vastly used by the modern organization, usually a mixed choices of theories. Substantial improvements in the effectiveness should be seen as the social science will continue to contribute to the development ofmotivation.Physiological needfullyPhysiological needs are the very basic needs such as air, water, food, sleep, sex, and so on When these are not satisfied we may feel sickness, irritation, pain, discomfort, etc. These feelings motivate us to alleviate them as soon as possible to establish homeostasis. Once they are alleviated, we may think about other things.prophylactic NeedsSafety needs have to do with establishing stability and consistency in a chaotic world. These needs are mostly psychological in nature. We need the security of a home and family. However, if a family is dysfunctional, family members cannot move to the next level because they have safety concerns. Love and belongness have to wait until they are no longer in fear. Many in our society cry out for law and order because they do not feel safe enou gh to go for a walk in their neighbourhood. Unfortunately many people, particularly those in the inner cities, are stuck at this level.Need to BelongLove and sense of belonging are next on the ladder. Humans have a desire to belong to groups clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs, etc. We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by others, to be accepted by others. Performers appreciate applause. We need to be needed. We see numerous examples in advertising where our need for group belonging is tied to outgo of a particular product.Esteem NeedsThere are two types of esteem needs. First is self-esteem which results from competence or mastery of a task. Second, theres the attention and recognition that comes from others. This is similar to the sense of belonging level however, wanting admiration has to do with the need for power. People, who have all of their lower needs satisfied, often drive veryexpensive cars because doing so raises their level of esteem.Self-ActualizationThe need for self-actualisations is the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is sufficient of becoming. People who have everything can maximize their potential. They can seek knowledge, peace, aesthetic experiences, self-fulfilment, and oneness with God etc. It is usually middle-class to upper-class students who take up environmental causes, go off to a monastery, etc. (Maslow, 1970)Appendix 2There are two classes of factors that influence employee motivation native factors and the extrinsic factors. The intrinsic factors were also called the motivator factors and were related to job satisfaction. The extrinsic factors were called hygiene factors and were related to job dissatisfaction. Motivators (intrinsic factors) led to job satisfaction because of a need for growth and self actualization, and hygiene (extrinsic) factors led to job dissatisfaction because of a need to avoid unpleasantness. The negative or positive KITA or kick in the ass approac h to employee motivation yields short- range results, but rarely generates any actual motivation.In fact, to call it an approach to motivation is to clearly misunderstand motivation as Herzberg understood it. KITA yields purport the avoidance of pain not motivation. Positive KITA, in the form of raises and incentives reduces time spent at work, inflates wages and benefits, and overemphasizes human relations. K-I-T-A techniques fail to instill self-generating motivation in workers. Job content factors, such as achievement and responsibility, are motivators, while job environment factors are hygiene or KITA factors. Motivators are the key to satisfaction. (F. Herzberg, precaution Review, 1971, pp. 2-5)Appendix 3Theory XTheory Xs hard-line approach is grounded in coercion, implicit threats and intimation, close supervision, and tight command and control. such anapproach typically results in hostility, purposely low output, and hard-line union demands. In contrast, a softer approac h might produce an ever-increasing request for more rewards and ever decreasing work output.ReferencesAlexender, P.A, Winne, P.H 2006, Handbook of Educational Psychology (2nd ed.), Lawrance Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah New Jersey, USA Carducci, B.J 2009, The Psychology of Personality, 2nd ed., Wiley-Blackwell, UK Efklides, A, Kuhl, J & Sorrentino, R.M 2001, Trends and Prospects in Motivation Research, Kluwer pedantic Publishers, The Netherlands Ewan, R.B 2003, An Introduction to Theories of Personality, sixth ed., Lawrance Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah New Jersey, USA Hollway, W 2001, Work Psychology and Organizational Behaviour Managing the Individual at Work, SAGE Publications Ltd, London Lorenzana, C.C 1993, Management Theory And Practice, Rex Printing Company, Inc., Florentino St. Quezon City, Philippines Maslow, A.H 1970, Motivation and Personality, Harper and Row, New York Maslow, A.H 1943, A Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Review, Vol.50 Motivation., Encyclo pedia Britannica, 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica, viewed on 21Sep 2009, . Pintrich, P.R, & Schunk, D.H 2002, Motivation in education Theory research, and application, 2nd ed., Merrill apprentice Hall, Upper Saddle River New Jersey, USA Sargent, A 1990, Turning People On The Motivation Challenge, Short Run Press Ltd, Great Britain Stevens, D.J 2009, An Introduction to American Policing, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC, USA Winne, P & Marx, R 1989, A Cognitive-processing Analysis of Motivation with Classroom Tasks, In C.Ames R.Ames (EDs.) Research on motivation in education (Vol 3.), FL Academic Press, Orlando

Issues in cloud computing

The purpose of assignments Is be able to understand the various advantages and Issues of blur computer science. interrogation and analyses whether or not besmirch computing Is the way forward for the chosen organization. Company of choice The vitrine of company selected here is higher(prenominal) Educationalists. The Higher Educationlnstituteprovides its returnss in different location through its branches. It whitethorn have thousands of students and staff and has hoi polloi of sensitive entropy e. G. Student staffs information, lectures notes and books, students private and personal details.Higher Education Institutions financial status, its own business Lana and strategy and so on. While moving to the b moundch, Higher Education bring in may face lot of depicted objects like intelligent answers, ethical issues environmental issues, security issues and so on. This assignment triesprovldingprofesslonal resolution to address these mentioned Issues. Introduction Cloud computing Is a style of computing where scalable and elastic IT-enabled capability atomic number 18 provided as a services to multiple external customers using internet technologiesl.In simple terms , demoralize computing enables business of all sizes to quickly procure and use a wide range of enterprise-class IT systems on a pay per-use basis from anywhere at any eon. Cloud computing services atomic number 18 divided into three classes, according to the abstr displaceion level of the capability provided and the service model of providers. Namely (1) cornerstone as a service, (2) platform as a service, (3) Software as a Service and on that point are different types of befog depending upon the network it cover they are (1) Public clouds, (2) Private Clouds (3) community clouds and (4) hybridizing cloud.Each types of cloud and services provision has own characteristics, benefits and challenges and suits deferent business models and purposes however, all have similar good I ssues to consider. L Benefits If Higher Education imparts anticipating a huge upswing in computing submit (or evening Education embed surprised bay sudden demand), cloud computing piece of ass help institute to manage. Rather than having to buy,install, and piece new equipment,eliminates can buy additional CPU cycles or storage from third base party.Since Institutions are found on consumption. Indians does not have to deal with un implyed equipment. Institute simply add or cipher based on its need. 1 Again, not having to buy and configure new equipment allows Institute and IT staff to eyesight to business. The cloud solution makes it possible to get application stereotypically, and It costs a fraction of what It would cost to implement an on- set solution. 3 The managerial and strategic level employer no needs to physically attend the Institutes site to get information.They can get Information from anywhere, which help to Increase the productivity of Institute 2 Legal is sues As moving tighter Distastefulnesss data to the cloud, Outshoot need to comply with Data Protection act 1988. The 8 principle of Data Protection act are (1) Data should be fearfully and carefully processed. 2) Data should be processed for the specified purpose(3) The data collected should be adequate, relevant and not excessive. (4)The data should be up to date. (5) The data cannot be unploughed no longer than necessary. (6)The data should be processed in accordance with the individual rights. (7)The data should be kept Securely. 8)The data cannot be transferred and stored outside the European Economic Area (EYE)without adequate protection. 6 The Higher Educationlnstituteshould fix that Cloud Service Provider has kept the data securely in order to preventatives unlawful processing, stolen, against accidental cost and damage. So plot choosing the overnighter Educationlnstituteshould know how the cloud companies handles the personal and sensitive data. Higher Educationalists should need to consider whether or not the level of security which would be provided by Cloud Company give meet the both requirement of Higher Declassifications Data Protection Act. 6 The Data Protection Act all the way mentioned that personality should not be moved or transferred outside the European Economic Area unless there is an adequate leveler protection. Cloud provider efficiency not always store the data in European Economic Arabesques to establish and maintain the data centre outside the European Economic Area might be cheap. Storing data outside the European Economic Area gapes the Data Protection Act. Compliance may beached busing EX. approved contract terms with cloud provider. 3 All the man authorities in the I-J have legal responsibilities to comply with Freedom of Information Act 2000.If Higher Educationlnstituteholds the information and if any request is made to the Higher Educationalists fortification then,Higher Educationalists should provide thrusters infor mation to the requester within the 20 days. If suppose, by some reasons cloud computing horde is failed and Higher Educationlnstitutecannot able to entry its stored information from the cloud then Higher Educationlnstitutewill face the problem. So epoch choosing the cloud computing service provider, it is necessary to assess their failure history of server, reputation, backup strategy and so on. 2 Intellectual property right are the right which is granted to owners of that noetic creativity. Copyright, Patents,Database and Trademark are considered as Intellectual property. Generally, copyright protects and prevents the owners work from copying ND reproducing. Copyright can be obtained on for simulation computer software program, textbook, film,teaching and research material and so on. 6 Higher Education Institute has also lot of happy property which need to be protected.The Higher Education Institute has the right to control its intellectual properties copyright, design and pa tents act (1988) necessarily in migration to the cloud. 6 Similarly, database right is another right which falls under intellectual property. It prevents the database from extraction, reuse of all or substantial part of the database without impressionists. 6Higher Education Institute should prevent its own database specimen pay roll database, steadfastness and the database which is created by teacher or students for the learning purpose.Patent is the right to the owner which prevents others from making, using, manufacturing and change the invented products and process without owner permission. Patents are only effective in the country where the right is granted. If the patents have been registered in the European Patents Office then it is protected in the whole Europe. 6 while moving to the cloud computing , It raises particular intellectual property right issue for Higher Education Institute to include in advance to confirming the conditions of their cloud computing provision. T he issue may arise are 1) they may have access to information belonging to Institute. 2) The location of information where they kept is not fixed. This issue makes tighter Education Institute problematical for its intellectual property right compliance. 3 Annexation regarding above issue software license may be location specific . Minored to safe guard to the imaginativenesss, the Institute might have done the agreement with paper through educational resource licenses and his agreement may only allow to access electronic resources or storage of digital material by registered users( staff and students ) through particular local server only.So while moving to the cloud, problem would be, the cloud provider mischances threescore and they are not location specific. So agreements with resource supplier regarding access and location should be addressed Institutes contract with cloud provider and the cloud provider also need to prevents to get access and need to prevent any unwanted an d unlawful utilization of licensed resources4 As moving to the cloud adequately act 2010 places legal obligation to he Institute. Utilities need to make sure that all the students with disability have equal access of information.As moving the cloud Institute should check that the means of service provision will not adversely impact accessibility. 4 Environmental issue As moving to the cloud the Institute can contributes to lower the carbon foot prints. According to the 7by adopting the cloud computing, the consumption of energy by data centre could be reduced by thirty 8 percentage by the year 2020. And such reduction on energy will reduces twenty eight percentages greenhouse gas firing offs. Research also found that the smaller organization will contribute largenesss ninety percentages to reduce the carbon foot print.Whereas, bacteriologists reduces carbon foot print by thirty percentages. 7 decanter are designed on echo friendly nature which use low suffer fuels to reduce emis sion from backup generators. These energetically lighting technology. Most of the staff in the cloud service provider is Depositional and they tinge on designing and building an echo friendly product where as Higher Education Institute whose primary focus is to provide quality education and earning profit by increasing the number of detent. Decanter provides the infrastructure only when it is needed . T maximize the efficiency and utilization of server by sharing same server for different cloud. 7 Ethics and ProfessionalResponsibility All the informational infrastructure that used to be stored locally stored to the third party animadversion cannot be directly control its data. Lost of direct control sometime gives the problem. If something move on on the data at the cloud. For example unauthorized access of data or failure in Infrastructure,eliminates cannot do anything because it is difficult to know who caused the problem. Dud service provider usually make the infrastructure by aggregating the systems and each system may owned by other company and if something goes wrong in such complex system then it is difficult to decide who has caused the problem. The data which is stored in the cloud some time used for some other purpose. For example biometric data of student which is collected for student attendance purpose, that data might be used for the criminal investigation purpose.Keeping identification to the cloud, it can feel that cloudscape provider would seem to be responsible for the data and have control over it. There might be issue of trust potentialities and cloud computing service provider4 There is loot of IT practitioners work in the cloud service provider. They are associates with some professional body example British Computer Society,Association for Computing Machinery, Institute of galvanic and Electronics Engineers and so on. Theres day to day practice and responsibilities has been defined by associated professional body.Professional people like Database administrator of the cloud service provider has the access to the clients personal and sensitive data He is not allowed to bring out the clients data to the third party. Professional body may take the disciplinary action fortress who breach the code of conduct. BCC broadly defined its code of conduct in four categories they are (1) duty to the public (2) duty to the relevant authority, (3) duty to the profession and (4) professional competence and integrity5 similarly, IEEE and ACM has also code of conduct for its process which is almost similar to Thebes code of conduct.Recommendation and conclusion It is institute responsibilities to compliance with the legal act. So, it is recommended to check the position of cloud providers security, data transfer and compliance tit EX. law. Penthouse applying the best efforts there may arises the dispute with cloud provider. It is recommended to elect the established cloud provider, find out theirs server location, asses suit ability and agree which law applies. Identify the underground material and find whether cloud is suitable for that data or not.Institutions should ensure that the contract terms with cloud providers reflect their legal obligations, responsibilities and the level of risk they are prepared to handle Penthouse there are lot of benefits in cloud computing, it is compulsory to aware of he ethical and legal issues and careful most be taken before agreeing any contract with cloud service provider.

Critical Thinking Paul and Elder

Without reading the assigned chapter, and just looking at the stages of development of critical thinking, I immediately labeled myself as a practicing thinker. However, after reading chapter devil of Paul and Elder Critical Thinking, I considerd I was not even close to universe a practicing thinker. Paul and Elder list these stages ramification One The Unreflective Thinker (we are insensible of significant problems in our thinking) Stage Two The Challenged Thinker (we become aware of problems in our thinking) Stage iii The Beginning Thinker (we try to improve but without regular practice) Stage Four The Practicing Thinker (we grapple the necessity of regular practice) Stage Five The Advanced Thinker (we advance in accordance with our practice) Stage Six The Master Thinker (skilled and insightful thinking become second nature to us) Difficult as it was to admit, I was compelled to place my critical thinking ability at stage one The unreflective thinker. prior to reading this cha pter, I was not aware of any significant problems in my thinking. I did not realize that I was continually reservation assumptions, forming concepts, drawing inferences, and thinking within points of view. My judgment of people as mediocre or good, based on my moral upbringing, further confirmed me as the unreflective thinker. Also, never having badly questioned my thinking or its implications. Having made the decision to grow and develop as a thinker, my goals now include, making better decision through critical thinking and creative problem solving, and presenting my ideas clearly and concisely.I besides realize that critical thinking is a skill that is learned and requires practice. Having these realizations, I can now involve on to the Challenged Thinker stage. Paul and Elder note that we have great capacity. But most of it is asleep(predicate) most is undeveloped. Improvement in thinking is like improvement in basketball, in ballet, or in playing the saxophone. It is unli kely to take place in the absence of a conscious commitment to learn. As long as we take our thinking for granted, we dont do the work required for improvement.

Dead Stars Essay

Paz Mrquez-Bentez (1894-1983)Paz Marquez-Benitez, a Filipina writer born in 1894 in Lucena City, Quezon, authored the introductory Filipino ultramodern side of meat-language swindle flooring, abruptly Stars, published in the Philippine Herald in 1925. Born into the prominent and affluent Marquez family of Quezon province, she was among the first prison terms of Filipinos trained in the American education system which used English as the medium of instruction. She gradatory high school in Tayabas High Schooland college from the University of the Philippines with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1912. She was a member of the first freshman class of the University of the Philippines,graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1912. dickens years after graduation, she married Francisco Benitez, with whom she had four children. Mrquez-Bentez later became a teacher at the University of the Philippines, who taught short-story understandup and had become an influential figure to ma ny Filipino writers in the English language. The annually held Paz Marquez-Benitez Lectures in the Philippines honors her retrospect by focusing on the contri justion of Filipino women writers to Philippine Literature in the English language. though she only had one more published short story after numb(p) Stars this of which is entitled A Night In The Hills, nevertheless, she made her mark in Philippine literature because her work is considered the first modern Philippine short story.For Marquez-Benitez, writing was a life-long occupation. In 1919, she founded Womans Home Journal, the first womens magazine in the country. Filipino Love Stories, reportedly the first anthology of Philippine stories in English by Filipinos, was compiled in 1928 by Marquez-Benitez from the works of her students. When her husband died in 1951, she took over as editor of the Philippine Journal of Education at UP. She held the editorial post for over two decades. Dead Stars is the 1925 short story that gave birth to modern Philippine writing in English.TRIVIA Dead Stars had been praised as a sit around of perfection in creditdelineation, local color, plot, and message.ILLUMINATIONS ON THE THEME EXTRACTEDSince the authors life and experiences is not significant to the content of the short story, MoralPhilosophical as a literary lens was applied. This is an approach that puts literature as one that teaches morality and explores philosophical issues. By looking and analyzing Benitez Dead Stars the short story reflects the time in which the literary work was written along with the language, the norms and the way people think. It serves as a literary time machine for readers as it enables them to understand how courtship, marriage and fidelity were viewed through the early 1900 standards. It renders a sound similitude between the past and the present, the existing modern culture and the fading, almost obsolete tradition.I could say that the philosophical principle of the story is g rapple. This is further compargond to the concepts and dialogues of the characters in the story like the concept of engagement and marriage, the dialogue of Esperanza which is I am not blind, or deaf I see and hear what perhaps some(prenominal) argon trying to keep from me and also If you are tires of wherefore dont you tell me you are fatigue of me, the words of Alfredo to Julia which are I could study you all my life. and Nothing? There is you. and the concept in which Alfredo had been see light of the shortly stars and the immense distressingness that invaded his spirit. These concepts and words from the characters of the story bring the force this unifying divagate Love is like a puzzle, it is confusing and mind blowing for it can be gained and it can also be lost in a snap of a finger.PART TWO MY TEXT-DEPENDENT INTERPRETATION In debile of Modernist Vistas Formalism (Elemental Exploration) and Structuralism (Binary Opposition and Signification)EXEGESIS Was he being chea ted by life? Lovehe seemed to spend a penny missed it Or was the love that others told about a mere fabrication of fervid imagination, and exaggeration of the commonplace, a glorification of insipid monotonies such as made up his love life? Was love a combination of circumstances, or sheer native capacity of soul? In those days love was, forhim, settle down the eternal puzzle for love as he knew it, was a stranger to love as he divined it might be. Alfredo Julia is quite different from Esperanzaa girl striking and vividly alive, the woman that could cause risky commotion in his heart, yet had no place in the completed ordering of his life. The rare-turnedregular neighboring trips unfold Alfredo to deep conversations with Julia and hence, develop an admiration for the woman. Somemultiplication, he would forget he is engaged, continuing his meetings with Julia while thinking that Esperanza was not prone to indulge in unprovoked jealousies (for) she was a believer in the regenerati ve virtue of institutions, in their index finger to regulate feeling as well as conduct.Unfortunately, he also forgets the fact that Esperanza is a woman and, being so is already a risk factor for jealousies, provoked or otherwise. I do not understand you at all I think I know why you have been indifferent to me lately. I am not blind, or deaf. I see perhaps some are trying to keep you away from me Whatever my shortcomings, and no doubt they are many in your eyes, I have never gone out of my way, out of my place to find a man. Esperanza Julia is in love with Alfredo. That much is pretty obvious in the story, especially after learning belatedly that Alfredo is engaged. An unconscious believer himself in the regenerative virtue of institutions, Alfredo motionlessness marries Esperanza. Over the years, he becomes an impassive husband. I feel sad for both of them but must I say they brought it upon themselves? Alfredo, for one, does not really know what he wants and sohe lives his li fe as it comes. He was not unhappy in his marriage. He felt no rebellion only the calm of capitulation to what he recognized as irresistible forces of circumstance and of character From his capacity of complete detachment he derived a strange solace At such times did Esperanza feel baffled and hopeless he was gentle, even tender, but immeasurably far away, beyond reach. Alfredo octet years later, he still could not forget Julia. So while on business, he makes a side trip to Julias hometown to check if he had meant anything to her and her to him. Julia has not married. This implies many thingsone of which could be that she is still in love with Alfredo but chooses not to fight for that love because she was taught that the act of giving through self-discipline is a good thing and so she turned from a spirited young woman into a boring one living a boring life after shelost Alfredo to propriety and neighborly order. What did Alfredo find during his meeting with Julia after his marri age?Dead stars So that was all over. Why, why hade he obstinately clung to that dream from the weariness of actuality? And now, mere actuality had robbed him of the dream. So all these yearssince when?he had been seeing the light of dead stars, long extinguished, yet seemingly still in their appointed places in the heavens. -Alfredo Alfredo has been clinging onto something that is unattainable because he is world-weary with the predictability of his life. Julia was a like a star, brimming his dull life with light and excitement for a short time. Because of the choices they made, Julia and Alfredo (and even Esperanza) become dead stars.ILLUMINATIONS ON THE THEME EXTRACTEDIt is in this section of the composing where Formalism as a literary lens was used. This is the key to grasp the meaning of the text exists within the text itself. It involves principal(a) exploration of the literary piece via explication and exegesis. If one will look and interpret the story, Dead Stars is a lov e story written in prose with a heart-warming message. It is told from the perspective of Alfredo Salazar who is in personal conflict with his feelings towards two womenEsperanza, his fiance of four years, and Julia Salas whom he met while neighboring.Esperanza is the embodiment of the ideal wife to the ideal man, and so they make an ideal couple in the eyes of society. Alfredo has pursued her at the start of their relationship with intense courtship, but later on, the feeling seems to subside. These interpretations of the poem based on the views of the author bring to the force unifying pass Our decisions or choices in life can make us dead stars we are living in our delegated places in the society but not actually glimmering, not actually living our lives.STRUCTURALISMDead StarsBINARY OPPOSITIONSIGNIFICATIONNEEDWANTLovea profoundly tender, passionate tenderness for another(prenominal) person.Marriagea legally, religiously, or sociall y sanctioned union of persons who commit to one anotherDetachmentfreedom from selfinterest or bias disinter estof it.ILLUMINATIONS ON THE THEME EXTRACTEDIt is in this part of the paper where STRUCTURALISM as a literary lens was employed. This is an approach which asserts that literature is a text. A particular(prenominal) structure of language produces reality. This further includes literary interpretation via binary opposition (concepts in opposition) and signification (signifier and signified). through with(predicate) simply looking into and interpreting the lines of the short story Dead Stars, we could say that the two opposing concepts are NEED and WANT which we could say that these two entities are powerful and supreme. These interpretations of the poem say that For the sake of reputation, a man will do the things he ought to do even though he does not wholeheartedly like what he need to do thus he is not living and building a life rather he is just living to survive.

Integrating sustainability Essay

During the youthful years many an separate(prenominal) challenges energise started facing communities due to the controversial tendencies in the modern world- rapid urbanization and struggles of communities for keeping environs in the state which was common for it for many centuries. The caper which communities go come across now is real complex, and requires a very(prenominal) well-considered approach. On one hand, the lay out generation wants to enjoy all the benefits of the time and fulfil advantages of everything what it offers to them. On the other hand, its of the essence(p) to adduce to the environment in such a way that future generations can take advantage of it as well.Its impossible to use all of the inbred resources in just recent years because elevate generations will not be able to use them. Therefore, issues of sustain faculty have become procedureicularly sharp lately. wizard of the ways to face the challenge and perpetrate unavoidable prudence to sustainability issues is by carrying out well-balanced form _or_ system of government on the government level, defining the mission statement of the policy, setting correct objectives, analyzing the present state of environment and factors influencing it, and suggesting measures which can be used in identify to implement the adopted strategies.The major role of strategical jut outning in this matter cannot be doubted. The strategy has to be carried out at the highest level in order to meet all of the goals which nowadays reality sets in front of us. In Suther lend Shire, the damage of land is connected with urban growth and the consequent influence on water quality, biodiversity and air quality. As the solid ground of Environment Report states, in 2002/03, a total of 2,728 information applications were received in the Shire. Of these, 2,400 information applications were sanctioned (54 less than ap proved in 2001/02).Of all development applications received, 13% were associate d with new residential development. Medium stringency development accounted for 2% (50) of all development applications in 2002/03. ( differentiate of Environment Report, p. 10). Sutherland Shire Council has been very efficient during the recent years in setting objectives and implementing all the activities regarding environmental protection. The plans issued by the Sutherland Council manage to cover all the necessary issues which rise in the shire horse during the recent years.On one hand, the council focuses on the modern developments made in the shire but it also devotes wads of attention to environmental problems. In order to grasp maximum efficiency, the council regards all the activities sufferd in the shire to improve the life of dwellers through the prism of environmental protection. This approach has proved to be very efficient for present day realities. As the direction curriculum of Sutherland Shire states, Sustainability is the ability to provide choices for fut ure generations of the Shire without compromising those of our generation.The Shire has made progress in addressing challenges in confederation issues and safety, the natural environment, and transport, identified in 2000. Further integration of transport choices with land use, which affects residential area issues, safety and the environment, is required. An sure democratic process which c arefully addresses Shire gambles, and continued commitment to sustainability in council management, are fundamental to achieving sustainability. (Management Plan, 15) The recognition of sustainability provided by Sutherland Shire Council plays a very important role in all the activities provided by the council. They complicate solving problems regarding community safety, transport, natural environment, and some other issues. The Management Plan and utter of Environment Plan of Sutherland Shire both focus on ecologically sustainable development. The whole purpose of such development is taki ng into consideration all of the objectives which were set in NSW Local Government Act in 1993.The Management Plan has also been created according to the council adopted Our Guide for Shaping the Shire to 2030. The major strategic goals which the council states in the Management Plan are to pursue sustainability across economic, social and environmental considerations. We address economic, social and environmental issues on a day to day basis and in this plan, have made this more tactual with triple bottom line statements against our principal activities (Management Plan, p. 12).The plan also states that the councils vision of the shire is a community working together to attain safe, healthy and industrious lifestyles, through accountable decision-making, that achieves sustainable development and economic opportunities, that respect people and disposition (Management Plan, p. 11). Describing the vision of the shire is a very important part of strategic planning of the council bec ause the achievement of the marked vision of the shire is the major strategic goal which the council sets for the community.The strategic goal is expressed very well in the plan, and this enables the council to plan the activities carefully in order to achieve the goal. According to all of the mentioned documents, all the developments which take place in the shire during the following years had to be done without damaging the natural environment and preventing future generations from enjoying the benefits of light water, beautiful gardens and many other advantages which nature has given to the shire huge ago.The NSW Local Government Act stated that urban development which is currently occurring in the shire is very dangerous for the natural resources, for example water, air quality, biodiversity. Therefore, when adopting future plans for the development of shire, it was very important for the local council to take into consideration all the measures which would prevent natural e nvironment from damage. Most of the measures interpreted during the recent years were very successful in this regard.According to the Sutherland Shire Management Plan, the two depict components of ESD in local government are a requirement for natural resource protection actions (e. g. bushland, waterways, tree diagram canopy, etc. ) in all unit work programs, based on management plan development, including descriptions of various(prenominal) management responsibilities within core business reporting carry of the Environment results including bidly outcomes for key natural resource health indicators as a result of community decisions on planning options.(Management Plan, p. 14). The council has planned many measures which would be crucial in environmental protection. In the UN-Derived Local Action 21 curriculum, all the measures interpreted for integration of council with the community were marked. All of the joint efforts of the council and the community had to be consecrate t o eliminating environmental problems. For example, some measures were interpreted regarding the areas which are currently experiencing planning change.The main emphasize in the plan was made on the risk sagacity techniques which would provide all of the necessary data about the possible damage which could be given to the environment in the result of the measures. All of the objectives set in the UN-Derived Local Action 21 Program answered the main strategic goals placed in front of the environment. The results of the program implementation however showed the lack of brass instrument communication and some mistakes made during transport planning, therefore some more consideration had to be devoted to the structure of the program in order to eliminate negative impact of the mentioned factors.The main directions which the Council has set are very meaningful and help to implement all the activities which it has stated in the strategic goal ? prosecute ecologically sustainable develop ment, meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising those of the future ? demonstrating organizational legal transfer of integrated services and be environmentally, socially and economically responsible and accountable ? managing resources to moderate financial viability and kindle service provision? promoting access, equity and a sense of community (Management Plan, p. 11).Most of the directions which have been set by the Council are very complex and require joint efforts of people touch in the community life. In order to increase the efficiency of implementing the goals which have been set by the council, it makes a decision to encourage as many people as possible to participate in the community life. Therefore, increasing the number of citizens problematical in the community life serves one of the ways to achieve the directions mentioned above.There are some other issues on which the council chooses to focus in order to meet all of the challenges which can arise from the objectives set by it. According to the Management Plan of Sutherland Shire, the main issues on which the council is planning to focus during the following(a) years include the following ? Nurture our clean and beautiful natural environment ? Improve our suburbs ? Increase the number of citizens involved in community life ? Maintain our prosperous local economy ? Build safe, healthy and agile lifestyles ? Business activities ? Support services (Management Plan).As its possible to tell from the list of activities which the council was providing, the main characteristic of the plan was combining activities leading to the increase of the level of life of people in the shire, brining development into their lifestyles, and at the same time focusing on the measures of environmental protection. Its very important that the council has devoted lots of attention to the issue of nurturing the clean and beautiful natural environment of the Sutherland Shire. This features of the plan shows that the major strategic goals which have been put in from of the council are being implemented.The importance of other measures which have been interpreted by the council, like increasing the number of citizens involved in the community life, increasing the prosperity of local economy, building active lifestyles are very important as well. Those are also one of the measures which have to be interpreted to prepare future generations for a happy and prosperous life. If actions taken to protect environment are very important for the future generations ecology vice because they guarantee them life in a clean environment, actions taken to increase the prosperity of the shire are equally important.One of the major features of the Management Plan and State of Environment Report of Sutherland Shire is that the mentioned actions dont come into controversion with one another. This is a very important achievement of the councils planning which can be marked as an outstanding one. As long as the objectives of environmental activities and of urban development activities are well-balanced, the results of the plan implementation will always be positive. There are many activities which have been planned by the Council in order to protect the environment.In the plan, there have been included many activities which dealt with peoples recreation (like building public golf game courses, tennis courts, vacation facilities), providing services for youth and older people and some others, but the main attention was devoted to environmental issues. The list of activities planned by the Council to protect the environment includes the following responsibilities and services ? savage shelter ? beaches ? Bushcare ? certification (for development) ?Cleansing of public places ? clean-up campaign ? Earthworks ? economic development actualize? environmental assessment and application determination ? environmental compliance ? environmental education ? environmental health and re gulation ? environmental planning ? environmental research and policy ? parks maintenance and construction ? plan of management for community land ? roads construction and traffic management ? stormwater drainage ? street cleaning ? waste allurement and education (Management Plan, p. 13). In order to have a full view of how the activities have been balanced in the Management Plan, its necessary to investigate the data which is provided in the organizational cypher summary.According to the data of capital works budget, the Council spends the most financial resources on building safe, healthy and active lifestyles (19,537,713), non-divisional programs and indirect income (18,073,881), and up(a) suburbs (10,253,947). The financial resources which are spent on nurturing clean and beautiful nature environment are the next in the list by the volume of budget expenses and can be estimated by 6,561,895. This figure appears quite a low in comparison with other activities on which budget money goes.In order to maintain the environment, its necessary for the Council to re-structure the expenses of the budget and make sure that more resources are channeled to the environmental protection. The amount of budget money spent on building safe, healthy and active lifestyles is too high, and its important for the Council to devote enough attention to environmental protection. The resources which have been channeled for this issue are insufficient, and its necessary for the budget planners to take a closer look at this problem.The environmental programs which have been planned by the Council require actual financial support, therefore the budget has to be planned accordingly to the possible cost of the programs. For example, as the State of Environment report marks, the following programs have been initiated by the Council Oyster call for Trip Substitution Project, Beaches to Bay Bus, Travel access Guides in order to reduce car use. Those projects need substantial financial support from the government.Its very important to take measures in protecting environmentally sensitive land such as Botany Bay National Park, Geroges River National Park, Heathcote National Park, Royal National Park. In order to protect environmentally sensitive land, financial support from the council is very much needed, and large sums of money have to be channeled to the mentioned activities. As the investigations have shown, the Southerland Shire Management Plan and State of Environment report provide sufficient strategic and operational directions.They both reflect all of the strategic goals which have been set for the shire in order to provide choices for future generations without preventing present generations from enjoying all the benefits of nowadays reality. The actions marked in the plan represent a compromise between the necessity of rapid urban growth dictated by present day realities and the necessity to protect environment for future generations to enjoy beautiful nature and clean air in the same way we do now.Bibliography. 1. Management Plan. Sutherland Shire Council. 2. NSW Local Government Act, 1993. 3. State of Environment Report 2002/2003. Sutherland Shire Council.