Utilitarianism and Greatest Happiness Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism and Greatest Happiness EssayUtilitarianism begins with the work of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), an English political and social reformer. Educated at Oxford, Bentham fin eachy headed up a small group of thinkers called the Philosophical Radicals. This group, which included James Mill (father of John Stuart Mill, more on him later), was dedicated to social reform and the promulgation of Benthams ideas. Bentham based utilitarian ethics on the so-called superlative happiness principle, an idea originally enunciated by Frances Hutcheson (16941746), one of the founders of the Scottish Enlightenment. Put simply, Bentham believed that the coating of ethics was to promote the superlative happiness of the sterling(prenominal) number. Interestingly enough, Bentham went on to say that happiness consists in experiencing more pleasures than pains. That is, Bentham connects the welfare of the greatest number to a hedonistic view that judges pleasure over pain. He then co nstructed what he termed a hedonistic calculus as an objective measure of the value of various pleasures or pains in terms of such categories as intensity, duration, certainty, proximity, productiveness, purity, and extent. Using such quantitative measures, Bentham felt he could calculate the happiness performer of various proposed courses of action. The action promoting the greatest happiness for the greatest number in a ill-tempered situation would be virtuously best. Notice two things rough Benthams approach. First, implicit in his argument is the belief that the only demeanor to measure the moral worth of an action is to evaluate its consequences Will it produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number or not? Whatever does produce the greatest happiness in a particular situation, Bentham claims, will be morally correct.Second, the contrast to Kant could not be more clear. For Kant, the moral worth of an action lies strictly in the motive for taking the action, never i ts consequences. Only a peachy will, properly apprehending its duty through use of the categorical imperative and then acting to fulfill that duty, is capable of performing a morally considerably action. Bentham himself was an igneous political reformer, arguing tenaciously for a number of, what were for the day, radical views, including equality for women, prison reform, decriminalization of homosexuality, and animal rights.The more philosophical development of his ethical ideas furious to his followers, particularly James Mill and, later, Mills son John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). The younger Mill, aggressively educated by his father from ages three to fourteen, grew to be one of the 2 great thinkers of the nineteenth century. In the process, John Stuart Mill considerably refined Benthams utilitarianism. Writing in his 1861 essay Utilitarianism, Mill modifies Benthams view of pleasure and pain. Bentham had sought to distinguish pleasures and pains quantitatively (e. g., more or less intense, more or less in duration, more or less in extent, etc. ).Mill, by contrast, sought to include qualitative features, arguing, for instance, that the experience an intellectual or aesthetic pleasure (like reading a good book) might be more pleasurable than the physical pleasure of any(prenominal)thing like a good meal. Mill otherwise seeks to defend Benthams basic ideas. In doing so, Mill tries to resolve a contrast in Benthams thought. This conflict arises because of a difference mingled with Benthams account of (1) hedonism for the soulfulness and (2) hedonism as an ethical possible action.An individual acts, Bentham says, solely out of a desire for happiness (i. e. , more pleasures than pains). This account could be termed descriptive in that it claims to explain why a mortal acts. But according to hedonism as an ethical theory, however, the individual should seek the greatest happiness of the greatest number. This view is not descriptive, but normative because it tells what the individual should do. This conflict leads to two problems. The first is obvious if each individual is motivated to act to attain personal happiness, then why would that person have any caution to promote the welfare of others?The second is more theoretical How to get from a descriptive theory of how individuals act to a normative theory of why individuals should all seek the greatest happiness of the greatest number. To solve the first problem, Mill introduces the idea of external and internal sanctions. These sanctions serve for Mill as the bridge between the world of the individual and the larger social universal of which we are all a part. External sanctions, for example, are social rules and laws that reward or punish persons for particular actions.Individuals view these sanctions in terms of their potential for pleasure or pain and adjust their future behavior accordingly. Mills view of internal sanctions is different. There, he sounds a bit like Hume, argu ing that obeying a moral law produces a sensation of pleasure (and disobeying such a law produces a feeling of pain). Such feelings can, in turn, be can be observed to develop (in round people, at least) into a deep sympathy for others, thus illustrating the operation of the greatest happiness principle from within such persons.For such persons, their own happiness may truly depend on the happiness of others, which seems 3 to show that the individual desire for happiness can be reconciled with the theoretical demand that individuals act for the welfare of all. Why such connection might occur in some individuals rather than in others remains a question. At this point, contrasting Mill with Hume is instructive. Mill argues that, as can be observed, individuals develop a intelligence of pleasure or pain associated with obeying or disobeying moral laws and that, at least for some, those pleasures and pains be sum the basis for a appealing connection with others.Hume argues that such sympathetic connection is natural. By growing up in a human society, we intuitively learn to associate a feeling of moral pleasure with some acts and moral pain with others. Thus, for Hume, sentiment (or the particular feelings associated with moral or immoral acts) is a normal part of human development whereas, for Mill, internal sanctionsand the role of the greatest happiness principlecan be observed in peoples behavior, but a general theory of why people do this is lacking.Another place where a general theory is lacking is in the second problem described above How to get from a descriptive theory of how individuals act to a normative theory of why individuals should all seek the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Mill argues here that there is no way to prove such a first principle as the greatest happiness principle. Indeed, he says, No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desire s his own happiness. Since Mills time, utilitarianism has been widely debated, and an raise distinction has emerged between Bentham and Mills theories. For Bentham, what makes an action right depends upon whether it contributes to the greatest happiness of the greatest number. That is, Bentham focuses on the happiness-producing potential of each individual action. We can call this act-utilitarianism. Mill, to some extent, seems to subscribe to this view, but he in like manner at points takes a position we might call rule-utilitarianism.From this viewpoint, the morality of an action does not depend on whether it real produces the greatest happiness rather, what counts is whether the rule that the action exemplifies in fact satisfies the need for the greatest happiness of the greatest number. These two forms of utilitarianism continue to be debated by ethicists today. To illustrate the distinction between these two forms of utilitarianism, consider the following case. Suppose that a person unknowingly carried a deadly, highly contagious disease.An act-utilitarian might argue that we would be justified in killing such an individual to protect society from the disease (and thereby promote the greatest 4 happiness of the greatest number). A rule-utilitarian, on the other hand, might point out that the rule or principle involved in such an act (that we might kill soul when we found it in the best interest of the greatest number) should be rejected because it was, in fact, a dangerous rule and could ultimately lead to diminishing the greatest happiness of all. (Incidentally, you may have noticed that the rule-utilitarians position is reminiscent of Kant. )In conclusion, the utilitarian viewpoint championed by Bentham and refined by John Stuart Mill has come to be one of the two major schools of ethical thought among academic philosophers in the United States and elsewhere. Its major competition, of course, comes from Kants deontological ethics. It is worth menti oning as well that utilitarianism has also had a powerful impact outside ethical circles. Remember that Bentham himself was primarily a liberal political reformer, so it is fitting that politics and public form _or_ system of government are also areas in which reasoning about the greatest good for the greatest number continues to widely practiced.

Traditional marketing campaigns Essay Example for Free

Traditional merchandise campaigns EssayWith the apparition of the Internet, what was generally a cumbersome, costly marketing campaign, with a limited audience (and we are referring here to the conventional marketing campaigns, via the usual channels of communication newspapers, media, fliers etcetera ) became a far-reaching method of promoting your business, at virtual(prenominal)ly no cost other than that imposed by the exigency to have a functional Internet connection, to pay salaries to people promoting the business online and to building up a prefaceation website.Easy to commit to, Internet marketing has become a favored tool by many economic agents. First of all, the advantages of Internet marketing are numerous. The starting line one to be mentioned is the busted costs involved. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the first thing that a small business like this needs is a website. The website virtually plays the role of an online store, with twain principal(p renominal) functions presentation and, if the owner wishes it, online sale.The case of the fiat clothing retail business specializing in children specialty items is reflective in this sense. First of all, the website allow for present not only the actual product (in terms of sizes available, coloring etc. ), but also the company itself, the people involved in the business etc. It always helps, as a online promotional mean, to have the figures and, perhaps, a short biography of the owners on site, because, this way, the potential clients willing tend to gain more institutionalize in online ordering.There are several online marketing tips that join the bounce make the site and, subsequently, the business, more successful. Testimonies are always important in businesses. As this is an online business, it whitethorn be that some of the testimonies are not necessarily those of real customers, but they will help induce a sense of security to the potential client. The testimonies can in fact be a successful mean of further presenting the mechanism and the way business is concluded.Something like I couldnt believe how smooth it was I just placed the order on the website and I had the item in less than 24 hours will be a line that will let the potential client know that he is likely to receive a product very fast and with almost no time worn-out(a) in the process. It is also important to have a page within the website clearly explaining the entire shopping mechanism, in clear terms, so that the client will know the hows and the whens. It is not sufficient to simply point out to the location where he has to place his order.A separate page entitled Process, for example, will let him understood the entire mechanism the fact that he places his order, his order is received and he receives a confirmation of the fact, he can then pay for the order and this is delivered to him in a certain period of time. This type of exact information will likely improve communication and the business process with the clients. Given the special(prenominal) of the business, that of a mail order clothing retail business specializing in children specialty items, it is also important to have pictures and presentation pages for the products that are commercialized.This will give potential clients an imagistic presentation of the products they will be buying. As previously mentioned, the website needs to act exactly like a store (albeit an online one, in a virtual environment) in which the client will need to be able to see, compare, analyze products. Second of all, the website will be able to register users and take their orders automatically, without any individuals involved, which obviously lowers costs significantly, since you are not going to have someone paid to look after the clients who place the orders.There are however some expert costs involved, for example the cost of IT maintenance and web-related issues (web designing, web maintenance etc. ) that will increase fixed costs for this form of marketing. The simple creation of a website is insufficient for the marketing of the small business we are referring to. The website needs to be, in its turn, promoted over the Internet, so that a larger number of visitors will take origin of the services offered. There are several ways to do this.First of all, search engine optimization (SEO) is important, because it will place the site within the first option when a search operation is made, for certain key delivery. Taking the specific of our mail order clothing retail business, we may decide, for example, as the main key words to be children, clothing, items and some particular children items (toys etc. ). For these, we will try both to make the text on our website reflective of these key words and to promote them on search engines.

Analysis of Zaras Marketing Plan and Strategy

Analysis of Zaras merchandising proposal and StrategyZara is a retailing fibril with several chime ins laid worldwide. Its market strategy is based more on expansion rather than advertising or traditional methods of promotion. This report allow provide a apprize outline and a critical evaluation of Zaras marketing plan particularly in relation to its surroundings. The report will also identify and evaluate how engine room and the crude media could impact on Zaras future marketing plans. The sustainability of Zaras marketing strategy and how it will actuate their reputation in the future will also be examined.Zara has already begun the implementation of the marketing strategy so a brief look at the current position and the results has also been included in this report.2.0 Marketing Plan2.1 Mission StatementZara moves at the pace of society, fashion ideas, and trends that society itself has natured. Hence its success among pot, cultures and generations that, in spite of t heir differences, sh atomic number 18 a special aesthesia for fashion.2.2 SWOT AnalysisZaras main strengths are its early development in technology which has resulted in smoothly operated logistics, its ability to produce good designs and recent trends quick and efficiently, its investment intensity and its participative culture (see appendix 1 Company gutsground). Its main weakness is its customer service but it has opportunity for climb upth in new markets, new countries and on the internet. The firms main threat is the promising effect of the worldwide economic recession on the strength of the Euro which could increase the be of Zaras outsourcing and ultimately get through the competitive reinforcement gained by its pricing strategy.2.3 Marketing ObjectivesIncrease customer equityIncrease purchase frequency among plus size customersContinue to grow by extending the Zara fashion carryIncrease brand awareness and favourable attitudes among consumersZaras main bodied obj ectives are growth through store expansion in large proudly populated cities and maintaining a competitive advantage through the constant release of a variety of new fashions regularly. The marketing objectives to increase brand awareness and extend the Zara fashion brand will contribute hugely towards achieving the everyplaceall objectives particularly the store expansion.2.4 Marketing StrategyThe target group consists in the main of women aged between 18 40 who are either working in big cities or pursuing higher(prenominal) education, have a mid-range income and are generally interested in fashion trends as well as conscious about their looks. The company has positioned itself as a store selling a variety of medium quality high fashion clothing at affordable prices and has stores in about 70 countries worldwide.The pricing strategy is to produce clothing that are typically inexpensive and affordable by those who lavatorynot spend much on fashionable clothing but want to have appealing and lucky outfits as well as wealthy consumers who like good quality and style.Zaras marketing strategy is to relieve oneself a customer foc intaked return that will differentiate Zara from its competitors by bringing a fresh look to the plus size segment, feeding on the existing Zara name and values associated with the brand and take the variety-seeking customer from the competitors.2.5 Marketing MixProductPricePromotionPlacePhysical EvidencePeopleProcessQualityInexpensiveStore perilLogisticsCustomersOutsourcingAppearanceAffordablePublic relationsStore atmosphere i.e. wide open spacesSuppliersIn-house productionBrandInclusive (i.e not exclusive)Advertising in high Fashion magazines e.g Vogue, Harpers etc.Each line with its own section in the storeStore managersBackward integrationAppealInternetDesignersCSR initiative to create awareness e.g design competition for studentsAccording to McDonald M, (2007), all organizations have a mix of products or services that could be classified as either, a disaster, concluding cost, niche or outstanding success products based on M. Porters generic strategies matrix. But Zara has very few disasters, in point it has a new product failure rate of just 1% in comparison to the industry average of 10% (Pearson, n.d.).Through backward and vertical integration, Zara keeps its costs low and so is able to maintain low prices whilst still retaining profitability. It does not particularly aim to produce niche products as most of the designs are either a model from the catwalk or from some other store designs. hitherto most of the time it does have outstanding success with its products as a result of its excellent supply chain which enables it to produce new designs promptly. Zara can produce and distribute new designs within two weeks of a new style appearing on the catwalk, a accomplishment which has given the firm a competitive advantage over competitors much(prenominal) as HM (Hennes Mauritz) and Gap.The fi rms clothes are advertised mainly through the store displays in their numerous stores located worldwide and through their attentive customer service. They also advertise on the internet and very rarely in other forms of media. The products are distributed through a complex technology based system which come acrosss that goods are delivered to all the stores simultaneously and on a regular basis.3.0 The Marketing Plan and its Environment3.1 Pestel AnalysisZara originated in Spain and with over 500 of its stores currently located there, the market has become rather saturated. Hence it has expanded to 63 countries and accordingly faces divers(a) challenges usually presented by unfamiliar environments. Zara has a policy of establishing its stores only in the city centre of large cities and each store must have a minimum size of 1000 square metres. In certain countries obtaining this can be a challenge which resulted in Zara partnering with one of its main competitors, Benetton in an try on to penetrate the Italian market. The joint venture failed after two favorable classs as they were unable to secure the required property size in an beguile location.Furthermore Zara originally had a policy of owning all its stores which it has had to review following the entry into various countries with a restriction on total foreign ownership. Zara was obligate to consider joint ventures and franchises to combat this problem and currently has several co-owned stores.The worldwide recession is also an economic factor that could create challenges for Zaras marketing plan. The credit puppy love has left the populace with slight disposable income and for many people, keeping up with the fashion may not necessarily be a priority in the face of rising prices and costs. In addition, inflation in the less developed countries that Zara operates in could create a risk as the profits may be less than expected.Part of Zaras corporate objectives, is to protect the environment as much as possible, which includes producing less waste, recycling where possible, the use of ecological fabrics, production of PVC footwear and use of biodiesel fuel. Ensuring that this objective is achieved is quite crucial as the companys image could be affected by the activities of pressure groups or stakeholders who might raise environmental issues in the countries that Zara operates in.There are also cultural considerations to Zaras global expansion strategy which forms the basis of its marketing plan. Despite overwhelming success in Europe over the past few years, Zara has been unable to penetrate the American apparel market prosperously. It could be as a result of a difference in tastes and preferences added to the fact that the firm has not developed a strong supply chain strategy as they have in Europe. Nevertheless, cultural differences in tastes and styles could remain a challenge for a company focusing on diversification to foreign countries.In Moslem countries, Zara adds extra length to the hemlines of its dresses and in its corporate web page, it states that our international presence allows us to conclude that there are no frontiers that would impede a lotd culture of fashion. Efforts will have to be made to ensure that sensitive cultural issues in foreign countries are not ignored.3.2 Five Forces AnalysisThe relationship of Zaras marketing plan with its environment can be and analysed with the use of Porters five forces model. Zaras main competitors are Gap, Benetton and HM. Zara has maintained a competitive advantage over its competitors through its ability to control its supply chain. It does not share most of its suppliers as it has acquired some of them through its parent company, Inditex and unlike its competitors, most of its operations are executed in-house much(prenominal) as fabric manufacturing and part of the acrid and sewing processes.Indeed Zara competes with its rivals for customers but through its creation of a brand has s ecured customer loyalty. Its customers visit the stores on average 17 times a year compared to the industry average of 3 times and on most of those occasions purchases are made. Zara releases around 10,000 different designs every year and deliberately produces styles in bitty quantities to create an aura of scarcity. This ensures that customers visit regularly to see the latest designs and purchase immediately because there is no certainty that the style will be there the next day.There is always a threat of substitution, as competitors will all release the same design eventually but again, Zaras speed gives it an advantage and it would have sold out its top designs, long before the competitors who have a longer lead production time (usually five months compared to Zaras two weeks), can put the designs on the market.There are no real barriers to entry into the industry that Zara operates in other than the fact that Zara has differentiated its product. It is not a exquisite differe ntiation however since it does not charge a premium price for its products nor is it a cost leadership as it does not have the lowest possible price and does not really aim to be the lowest cost producer. What Zara has, is a combination of differentiation and cost leadership which translates to a very successful product that new entrants would have great difficulty competing with.4.0 Zaras Marketing Plan and the Impact of New Media and TechnologyIn the past few years social media has become increasingly popular as a mode of communication between consumers and companies or institutions. It provides a forum for conversations about a companys actions and also a means for companies to test the publics level of awareness about their activities as well as the peoples perception of them. Social media such as Twitter, Facebook and other blogs or preaching groups can also provide companies with a unique platform to raise awareness of their corporate responsibility activities. umpteen brands are cautious about online fundamental interaction because they are uncertain as to how they will be perceived and also the limited control they would have over dissenting views and negative reactions voiced in public. Many CR managers are hesitant to highlight corporate responsibility issues and enable debates because they feel that they may be inviting unwanted attention. (WGSN, 2009). Yet online environments actually offer companies a broader space in which to connect with customers, NGOs and peers around sustainability issues.Social media can also be used for advertising purposes which most of the companies in the retailing industry wait to use it for including Zara and its competitors. Zara has an impressive movement on Facebook where latest designs are advertised and consumers comment on each post with an average of 400 700 comments and about 10,000 likes.However Zaras stance on corporate responsibility issues are not highlighted in the social media like their competitor HM who have detailed positions on corporate responsibility in every country they operate in. They also have a full sustainability report in relation to their activities and its impact on the environment with a section inviting the public to email them with feedback and questions. Interestingly they do not have a public forum for the publics responses and views to be aired but addressing the issues publicly is a first step in the right direction.Zara could use the social media to have a more positive impact on the public by opening up discussion boards to debate ethical and social responsibility issues in relation to their activities in all the countries they operate in. Sustainability has become a centre issue for business operations and widespread stakeholder participation is critical. The social media is a relatively cheap method of communicating with a vast number of people worldwide and presents an opportunity that no company should overlook. Zara has a small blog which outlines a few sustainability and global issues or activities that the firm has engaged in such as global warming, climate change and more recently help given to the victims of the Japanese tsunami. However, this blog is not widely publicised and is more likely to be stumbled upon rather than sought out as a Facebook or Twitter page would. Zara has in the past found itself in the midst of a corporate responsibility storm such as a link to a supplier with a sweat shop factory in Bangladesh, (Procurement leadership Forum, 2008) and another factory (also in Bangladesh) occasionally used for production which collapsed killing three people. In each incident, Zara responded swiftly and offered reparations which has earned it a high valuation in terms of social responsibility. Zaras timely and effective response was further emphasised by the fact that competitor firms who also used the same factory, offered less and in some cases refused to accept responsibility altogether.Zara would however bene fit immensely from having a social site where such issues could be discussed publicly and potential dangers could be highlighted to prevent such disasters from recurring.5.0 Sustainability of Zaras marketing StrategyThe sustainability of Zaras marketing strategy depends on two major factors that could have a crucial impact on Zaras activities in the long term. Unlike most of its competitors, Zara tends to avoid outsourcing to developing countries where labour is very cheap. The main reason for this is to have more control over its suppliers and to enable a rapid delivery process in addition to contributing to the employment market of its home country Spain. The result of this is that the labour costs are higher than those of its competitors but this is compensated by the speedy production of the latest styles with reasonably consistent quality. Zara does produce some generic lines in developing countries but 60% of its outsourcing is in Spain or Portugal. The current worldwide reces sion may however have a well(p) impact on this strategy.With rising labour costs and the effect of the recession on the Euro, Zara may be forced to increase the outsourcing to developing countries. This would shamble them lose the competitive advantage of speed and may affect their corporate image as a result of the stigma attached to the use of cheap labour in sweat shops. Pressure groups and international campaigns are constantly demanding an improvement to working conditions for employees in developing countries. Consequently even outsourcing to the Far East may cease to be a profitable natural selection in the long term too.Another factor that could have an impact on the marketing strategy is the ever increasing focus on environmental issues. The major environmental impacts in the fabric sector arise from the use of energy and toxic chemicals which are utilised widely in many manufacturing stages such as pre-treatment, dyeing and printing. Zara currently executes most of thes e tasks in-house and could therefore face pressure from consumers making demands for environmentally sensitive production. This may mean that Zara would have to invest in research to find alternative materials or recycling options that could reduce the threat to the environment.Zaras marketing strategy could also face other challenges which might arise from the use of the new media. As discussed earlier, Facebook is used quite extensively for advertising and other forms of promotion. The question is how sustainable is the use of this new media for marketing purposes? hardening Godin, author of Meatball Sundae, in his presentation14 Trends No Marketer Should Ignore (XXXX), described the web as a world of new marketing which requires various trends for its successful implementation. He stressed the immenseness of communication between consumers and the manufacturers and also suggested that with the advent of the internet, everyone is now a critic that cannot be avoided or ignored. O ne picture on Youtube showing a serious lapse could undo millions of dollars of advertising. The underlying message is that the internet is a new world that companies could embrace for their marketing potential at low cost or ignore at their peril. If a company is not on any of the social media, they may be unaware if a campaign is carried out against them and consequently unable to execute a damage control program. Any sustainable marketing strategy should include a role for social sites.Zaras marketing strategy is mainly based on expansion which the internet could play a vital role in. Last year the company launched its first tranche of websites for some of its European markets including the UK and two weeks ago it also launched websites for Denmark, Sweden, Monaco and Switzerland. It plans to open further sites in two of the worlds largest e-commerce markets, US and Japan later this year which will increase its presence online.Seth Godin believes that we are in the middle of the next, possibly biggest industrial revolution and that the internet represents a tremendous opportunity for people who understand it. The reality is that any marketing strategy that does not include expansion online may not be sustainable in the long term.Robert Hellar (Internet Selling, ) stated that shopping has already begun to move in some force out of the high street and onto the Website. Traditional retailers will have to join this revolution that will cut costs, increase variety and make home deliveries. This development however exposes the investments in high streets to a new vulnerability and risk. As part of its expansion, Zara purchased several properties where stores are owned and these assets may in future become liabilities. The Amazon experience and the internet banking developments have shown that stores as we know them could become quite redundant and possibly mutate into nothing more than showrooms and warehouses.The sustainability of the high street stores cannot b e determined however the expansion of the websites is likely to be a sustainable strategy and a good fall back option in the event that shopping on the high street does eventually become unfashionable.

Inequality in Brazil: An Overview

Inequality in brazil-nut tree An OverviewIntroductionIn this report my task is to determine the aim of wellbeing in brazil. To make this decision, the following components grow been investigated/evaluated with high amounts of research gender equality and empowering women eliminate thorough hunger poverty and universal primary education.General InformationBrazil is the worlds 5th tangible nation and has an ara of 3,287,613 which smaller than the US but 35 times larger than the UK. Brazil has a scope of landscapes which compromise from large forest areas, deserts, plains and grasslands to portion ranges. Brazil is well-known for the Amazon River which goes on for 6,516km. Most coastal areas are humid and moist, in Amazonas areas it varies from tropical to temperate. The capital is known as Brasilia, there are other major urban areas known as Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paula and so on. The official language is Portuguese, Christianity is the most common or principle religion but the re is freedom to worship any religion.The expected life modal(a) is 69.9 geezerhood for males and 78.4 years for females. The nation consists of a population of 196.50 million. Brazil is given the status of federal official republic the elected constitution accommodates crucial rights and certifications of citizens. Brazilian constitution allows citizens the right to get free medical assistance provided by the government. Brazil surpassed the UK to become the sixth largest economy in the worldWellbeing in BrazilCompared with OECD nations and the Russian Federation, Brazil has some regions of relative strength and quality and some areas of relative weakness across the OECD well-being dimensions. Brazil has set a name for comprehensive development and poverty reduction. Brazil has a high rank above the average in subjective well-being, neighborly connections. Unfortunately, Brazil is below average in income wage and wealth, occupations and profit, lodging, ecological quality, heal th status, and education and skills.When considering jobs and education, 66.7% Brazilians were employed in 2013, more than in the OECD on average (65.9%). Furthermore, the share of Brazilian employees regularly working very long hours was 10.4% in 2012, below the OECD average of 12.5%. Only 46.4% of adults in Brazil feature been privileged with the ability to achieve upper secondary education compared to an average of 77.2% in the OECD. The intellectual abilities of electric shaverren in Brazil are below the average (measured by PISA study). 6.7% of people living in a household live without fundamental sanitation which is high than the average. The calculated life expectancy at wear is 75 years which is 5 years lower than what the OECD have enter from other nations. On the bright side, results tell us that air quality in Brazil is substantially better than most countries. The safety of individuals is still a factor which has still to be dealt with, death through assault is 6 t imes higher than the average. Concerning the public sphere, there is a strong sense of community and high levels of civic participation in Brazil, where 90% of people believe that they know psyche they could rely on in time of need.Impacts of Gender Inequality SocialGender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in heartyly constructed gender roles. Gender inequality primarily affects women they experience poverty differently from men because they are denied equal rights and opportunities, lack entrance fee to resources and services and are excluded from important decisions that affect their lives and development. Gender equality measures of gender equality include access to basic education, health and life expectancy, equality of sparing opportunity, and political empowerment.wellness and life expectancy have less than average results. Tiny air pollutant particles small enough to enter and cause dama ge to the lungs and respiratory system, this case has been recorded by individuals and families. Water quality is not as satisfying as the OECD average which is 81%. Life expectancy in Brazil is 75 years which is 5 years lower than the average collected by a series if countries. Brazil has been tackling problems with income equality between genders despite the high rates of growth, this is referable to disadvantages in schooling.Gender Inequality is very high in Brazil, some say that its it increasing. Recent presidents have stated to make gender equality a priority but limited efforts have been put in to quantify the impacts of gender-based policies. Participation of women in the society has outgrowthd in the past few years, this lead to new policies mitigate gender discrimination. From statistics, women spend an average of 25.9 hours on chores, however men only spend an average of 15.5 hours. Brazil has one of the highest rates of frenzy against women, it remains high for two reasons. Firstly, the laws are not enforced properly and are not given enough effort to allow the law to be strict and permanent. Secondly, there is refusal to acknowledge the law and the reason behind it is inequality between men and women.Impacts of Hunger and PovertyEconomic and SocialPoverty is prevalent scarcity or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which includes social, economic, and political elements. Poverty is an economic and social issue. Factors that effect poverty are a culture discrimination, education and inequality.The level of poverty in Brazil is well above the norm for a middle-income country. at bottom Brazil, there are wide disparities in the extent of poverty. More than half of all poor Brazilians live in the Northeast. Despite urbanization, rural and urban areas direct equally to national poverty. Population below poverty line 21.4% note approximately 4% of the population are below th e extreme poverty line. Brazil has only a few wealthy people but are very high on poor people, the gap between the highest and lowest social levels are very high. Stabilization of the economy has given more purchasing powers to the poor. Income inequality is one of the main factors effecting poverty in Brazil. The system distributes money from 90% of the poor to the top 10% of the richest. The richest people in Brazil have access to over 40% of the countrys income while the poor only have access to 1%.EnvironmentalBecause extreme poverty doesnt always lend to widespread birth education, many poor women lack the resources necessary to engage in birth control. Therefore, it is common for poor women to continue having children well after they would have liked because of little to no access to resources and education. Air pollution is another way in which poverty contributes to environmental degradation. As mentioned above, poor communities lack the proper knowledge when it comes to pro duction techniques. Thus, the ways in which they use resources to help them survive are prejudicious to the resources around them, and ultimately the world at large.Impacts of No (Lack of) EducationEconomic and SocialLack of education is the disadvantage of receiving very limited education, very basic and below average to read or write, not able to understand maths. Lack of education is a root cause of poverty, it is preventing millions of people from escaping the cycle of extreme poverty around the world.Brazil children have access to free public education at all levels. Education at a Primary level is compulsory, and most of the Primary schools are maintained by the municipalities or the states that they occupy. This means that wealthier cities or states have better schools than their poorer counterparts, and the children suffer because of a lack of adequate comforts and resources. This, in turn, means that poorer children receive a lower level of education.Many children do not attend school because of malnutrition, as this makes them unable to develop intellectually and to adjust to the social environment of a school. Child labour amongst poorer children is also an enormous problem, despite its being technically illegal to employ a child less than 16 years of age. Poor families generally prefer for their children to start working as soon as possible, so that they may bring in an income. This has resulted in labourers as young as 10 years old, missing school in a desperate attempt to earn money. The high test failure rate is another factor that influences non-attendance at schools, despite there being free.ConclusionAfter comparing all three dominant factors, it is obdurate that lack of education is the main cause of inequality. It reduces chance of a good life, you can never get a job and this can lead to increase in poverty, this also gets rid of their opportunity of income. Knowledge can bring up new leaders and change the world. It can make most soci al, economic and environmental issues disappear. Education reduces poverty and inequality. Women leaders will gain respect and decrease gender inequality.

Audit of Health and Safety Systems and Records

Audit of Health and unafraidty Systems and RecordsAssessment task 1 Audit of wellness and gum elastic remainss and recordsThe organisational requisite is for us to access to and scrollation of recitation health and synthetic rubber systems records are by asking them person wholey and by providing them the consent form that will serve as an evidence of allowing us.Document expand of the records and information stored in these health and safety systems mishap recordsName of the person involved I the cerebrovascular accidentPosition of the person involved in the accidentCont figure out information of the person involved in the accidentDate and time of the accidentType of accident happenedFirst aid given (if any) presentment of the doctor name of the doctor notifiedName of the person completing the accident formPosition of the person completing the accident formStandards and ProceduresOccupational health and safety mental processsReporting of accidents and cases of serious h armPreparedness and uses for emergencies and evacuationHazard direction outgrowthsWhat harm pass along in the individuals at the worksite?How can that harm occur?Assess whether and identified hazards is a significant hazard. If so, action emergency evacuation procedures if necessary claim steps to eliminate hazardsIsolate hazards that cannot be eliminatedTake steps to minimise the likelihood of harm from remaining hazardsComplete the Record of Hazard Identification Form in the register of hazards, accidents and cases of serious harm.implement. The professional and cast away mentors are the key person do handle this program and protect youth safe and wellbeing. However, there is not any training record provided.StandardsThe chief operating officer oral told the student that their Health and safety system is take noteed the Health and Safety in physical exercise act 1992.The organisation does not have formal write down normals. However, they only have a part of standard relat e to Health and Safety in piece of work turn of events 1992 was written down in their Employment Contract.Their Youth Mentoring Programme which establish on their specific standards of International Standards for Mentoring Programme in employment.Policies and proceduresThere are clear policies and procedures for their Youth Mentoring Programme manual. This is based on Youth Mentoring Network issued the Guide to hard-hitting Practice in Youth Mentoring raw Zealand. The recruitment policy and procedure, training policy and procedure are also based on International Standards for Mentoring Programme in Employment and Safe Practice Guidelines for Youth Mentoring Programmes.However, there is not clearly provide the make and prove evacuation and wood pussy-free purlieu policies.The organisation located in the modern building with automated doors, elevator/lifts, modern toilet, emergency lighting, air conditioning, wind up alarms, and liberation extinguishers. However, there is no t fire evacuation intent.The organisation do not provide the gage free environment, therefore, some employee and clients come to the office and smoke inside the workplace in the YES Building. crinkle descriptionsThis job description has been clearly written down and included in the document of Youth Mentoring Programme indemnity and Procedure Manuals. which also based on the International Standards for Mentoring Programme in employment and Safe Practice Guidelines for Youth Mentoring Programmes.InventoriesThe inventories has been record which include organisation primed(p) assets such(prenominal) as their appliance, organisation car and fire equipments.ManualsThere several manuals of equipment to set up such as the manual of coffee machine, microwave, dishwasher and toilet. all(prenominal) clear provided using process to the user.The main manuals which is their Youth Mentoring Programme Policy and Procedure Manuals which include all the policy should be followed and implement p rocedures.Establish and documentThere are couple of industry specific guidelines for Youth Mentoring Programmes of this organisation.Safe Practice Guidelines for Youth Mentoring ProgrammesThis is a specific guidelines cover the Youth Mentoring Programmes for safety measures such as training and supporting mentors have responsibility to carry out their role effectively and safely.International Standards for Mentoring Programme in employmentStakeholder training and apprise which provided participants are aware of the skills and behaviours they need to apply in their roles as mentors and mentees have an opportunity to identify skills gaps. In addition, stakeholders understand the concept of mentoring and their respective roles.Guide to Effective Practice in Youth Mentoring New Zealand.In the second part of the guideline which identifies the class practices that are essential for strong and effective mentoring are cultivation mentors with initially more than six hours of quality train ing andSupporting mentors as the relationship is ongoing, with further training and supervision.Other standardsStandards of New Zealand- onrush Safety and Evacuation Of Buildings Regulations 2006NZS 45032005 lapse operated fire-fighting equipmentThis standards require the fire-fighting equipment such as fire extinguishers, fire hose reels, fire blankets should be portable includes in the buildings and maintenance of operated should be used by atomic number 53 person.This document has been re-assessed by the committee, and judged to still be up to date.NZS 45142009 interconnected smoke alarms four housesThis is a specifies requirement for fire protection that provide for the selection of smoke alarms and their location to avoid nuisance activation.Occupational health and safety management systemsGeneral guidelines on principles, systems and supporting techniquesThis is the main standard that the organization followed for their health and safety management. The chief executive of ficer of H4Y said to the student. However, they do not have formal written document or folders.Establish and document the main legislative requirements for each of these systemsAccident recordsHealth and safety in Employment act 1992Child, youth and their family act 1989 This act required that children have to be protected in Part 1General objects, principles, and duties and Part 2Care and protection of children and young personsTraining recordHealth and safety in Employment act1992Child, youth and their family act 1989This act required that children have to be protected in Part 1General objects, principles, and duties and Part 2Care and protection of children and young personsPolicy and procedure BuildingAnd send packing evacuationBuilding legislation 1992The clause C2 of building code in this legislation that issued prevention of fire occurring which means all the fire equipment must(prenominal)iness be installed in the building.Building Act 2004In this Act of subpart 2, ecti on 16, it is clearly explain the function of building code which about buildings functional requirement and performance criteria must comply in their intended use.Fire safety and evacuation of building legislation 2006Part 1, section 6. owner of building must provide evacuation procedure in place for the safe and efficient evacuation of the buildings occupants in the event of a fire emergency requiring evacuation. Part 2, section 21 which is clearly issue the evacuation scheme for smart building. in the section Applications for approval of evacuation scheme for new buildingPolicy and procedure Smoke free environmentsmoke-free environment act 1990 In Part 1, section 4, which provide the purpose of this act which to prevent the effect of peoples smoking on the health of people in workplace.Section 5, which provide the issue about employer must take practicable steps to ensure there are not smokers at any time in the workplace.Compare the records and information you documented on e ach of the systems with the organisational and legislative requirements you identified. Document the gaps identified.Health and SafetyStandards and Legislation requirementHave they been met? (No, partly, mostly, fully)Accident recordnot met Health and safety in Employment act 1992Accident form did not set up.There is not any industrial standard to require this form, however, Health and safety in Employment act 1992 andChild, youth and their family act required the children and youth must be protect in the riskLegislation requirement that the risk register must be keep by organization.Training recordNot met their industry guideline Safe Practice Guidelines for Youth Mentoring Programmesand standard, International Standards for Mentoring Programme in employment it also does not admit Health and safety in Employment act 1992.There is no training record provided in the organisation to meet standard and legislation.However, the industry standard and programme guide and child, youth and their family act required the training mentor have record and register. The legislation required that all employee have to be train in their workplace.StandardMetThe organisation standard with met the main industry standard International Standards for Mentoring Programme in employment and guidelines Safe Practice Guidelines for Youth Mentoring Programmeshas been written down in the Employment contract, but there is not in formal written document of standard.Policy and procedurePartly metThe clear policy and procedure is written done in the Youth Mentoring Policy and Procedure Manuals which met their industry standard International Standards for Mentoring Programme in employment and guidelines.Safe Practice Guidelines for Youth Mentoring ProgrammesHowever, their policy and procedure about build and fire evacuation scheme, and smoke-free environment is not provided.However, according the Fire safety and evacuation of building legislation 2006 , which require that must to be developed. This policy and procedure does not provide the smoke-free environment which is not met the smoke-free environment act 1990Job descriptionsMetThe organisation provide their main programme clear job descriptions which meet their industry standard International Standards for Mentoring Programme in employment and guidelines Safe Practice Guidelines for Youth Mentoring Programmesand also legislation require the employee must have their job descriptions.Provide an explanation of the degree to which each system covered by the audit meets organisational standards and legislative requirement.Health and safety systemDegree of complianceAssessment of riskAccident recordNot pliable the industry standard and guideline, and also not docile the legislation.The legislation required the organisation must keep and register the accident and near missed record.It is high gearer(prenominal) risk be obtain there is no keeping accident record, there is not any information to prevent the risk happened. Training recordNot manipulable the industry standard and guideline require the quality and professional train have to be met and record and register.It is high risk due to it may occasion children risks which is the main programme work on the organisation.In addition, the employee also have risk due to without aware OHS.Standard truly conformity with their industry standard which has been written down in the Employment contract.Not applicablePolicy and procedureVery willing with their industry standard and guidelines requirement.Not manageable with the fire safety and evacuation of building legislation 2006 requirementHigh risk will be in the building of fire evacuation schemeJob descriptionsVery compliant with their industry standard and guidelinesNot applicableInventoriesVery compliant with their industry guidelinesMedium risk of the lack of fire sprinkler system.Develop a plan for improvements to occupational health and safety systemsIdentification and prioritisationHealth a nd safety systemsDegree of complianceAssessment constitute-benefit analysisAccident recordNot compliant the industry standard and guideline, and also not compliant the legislation.The legislation required the organisation must keep and register the accident and near missed record.It is high risk because there is no keeping accident record, there is not any information to prevent the risk happened.Especially, the organisation provide the programme which contract to youth.Cost of training, cost of get down compliance requirement.Benefit is to meet the legislation and quality of service provide in the future.Training recordNot compliant the industry standard and guideline require the quality and professional train have to be met and record and register.It is high risk due to it may cause children risks which is the main programme work on the organisation.In addition, the employee also have risk due to without aware OHS.Cost of re-training and cost of quality performance of the prog ramme.Cost of the trust between mentor and mentee.Benefit is performance high quality activities and mentoring process.Benefit to build up good relationship with mentor and mentee.StandardVery conformity with their industry standard and health and safety act 1992 in employment which has been written down in the Employment contract.Not applicableNot applicablePolicy and procedureVery compliant with their industry standard and guidelines requirement.Not compliant with the fire safety and evacuation of building legislation 2006 requirementMedium risk will be in the building of fire evacuation schemeCost of time to remodel policy and procedure.Cost lower compliant with legislation requirementBenefit is increased level of compliant with legislation.Benefit of complete written down and formal policy and procedure.InventoriesVery compliant with their industry guidelinesNot applicableNot applicableProposed strategies and corrective actionsCost of corrective actionBenefit of corrective acti onCost of time to redo the documentCost of time to training peopleCost of money to spend on training and timeCost of people who increased work loadCost of time spend for overallCost of medication levy shoot to increased the quality of workplaceGain to have goodwillGain to have trust between organisation and employee and other relevant people.Gain to achieve all the standards and legislationsGain to achieve high level of Health and safety organisationSize and location of the workplaceFinancial viability of the organisationThis is a small to medium organisationThe location in the wide range of new development area.Seeking funding support for the programme and also for salary payment of the organisation.Existing management systemsCommitment to ISO or other quality managementThe organisation just start their main programme of Youth Mentoring.Currently, they update their programme policy and procedure manuals and recruit mentor to join the programmeThe CEO and co-director are the qualif y of caregiver register in CYFs.They have fully knowledge, idea and experience to manage the programme and organisation.All the management of the organisation is follow their industry standard of International Standards for Mentoring Programme in employment , Safe Practice Guidelines for Youth Mentoring Programmes and Guide to Effective Practice in Youth Mentoring New Zealand requirement.Development overall strategiesCorrective actionSet up the Accident/incident form and Accident and near missed record.Set up this in the organisation policy and procedureNominate two employee to take responsibility to keep the recordInternal training all employee and relevant programme ply to know how to fill the accident and incident form.Basic, there are two people need to sign this form.Overall Training strategiesTraining all staff of Health and safety systemTraining all staff and mentors about first aid skills.Educate all the standard and legislation requirement and be aware the risks and regis ter risks.Indoor training mentor due to their financial status.Some grouchy mentor such as relate to provide particular sport or activities need to be qualified training and register.Recruit more high quality of knowledge and experience for each department and programme of the organisation.Standards developmentDevelop separately of organisation standard and youth mentoring programme standard.Policy and procedure developmentDevelop separately of organisation policy and procedure and youth mentoring programme standard.Clear written down and file individuallyConsider all possible situation and environment risks to prevent and protect employee and customers in the workplace.Employer take responsibility to take care employee health and safety, provide smoke-free environment.ReferenceBuilding legislation 1992http//www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/ humanity/1992/0150/latest/DLM162576.htmlBuilding Act 2004http//www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2004/0072/latest/DLM306036.htmlCYFs New le gislation to protect vulnerable childrenhttp//www.cyf.govt.nz/about-us/news/2012/new-legislation-to-protect-vulnerable-children.htmlFamily Court of New Zealand Introduction to the Care of Children Acthttp//www.justice.govt.nz/courts/family-court/what-family-court-does/care-of-children/introductionFire safety and evacuation of building legislation 2006http//www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2006/0123/latest/whole.htmlGuide to Effective Practice in Youth Mentoring New Zealand.www.youthmentoring.org.nz/content/docs/GYM.1.pdf focus for Youth Trust (H4Y)http//www.heartforyouth.org.nz/whatwedo.htmHuman right act 1993 (PDF downloaded)http//www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0082/latest/DLM304212.htmlInternational Standards for Mentoring Programme in employmenthttp//www.ismpe.com/New Zealand Coaching and Mentoring centrehttp//www.coachingmentoring.co.nz/?gclid=CK_VqM3j_LwCFYUhpQodkh0AVANew Zealand Teacher councilhttp//www.teacherscouncil.govt.nz/content/reapplying-provisional- registration-and-registration-subject-confirmationNew Zealand Coaching and Mentoring centre Professional Associations International Standards in Mentoringhttp//www.coachingmentoring.co.nz/about-us/professional-associationsNew Zealand legislation 1989 children, young persons, their family act 1989http//www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1989/0024/latest/DLM147088.htmlOccupational health and safety management systemsGeneral guidelines on principles, systems and supporting techniqueswww.saiglobal.com/PDFTemp/Previews/OSH/as/as4000/4800/4804.pdfSafe Practice guidelines for Youth Mentoring Programmewww.youthmentoring.org.nz//safe-practice-guidelines-2013.pdfsmoke-free environment act 1990http//www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0108/latest/DLM223191.htmlGilanne Malicse

The Myth and Ritual of Coffee in Mario Puzo’s The Fortunate Pilgrim :: Essays Papers

The Myth and Ritual of Coffee in Mario Puzos The Fortunate Pilgrim When I arrived in Italy in May 1998, my first order of business was to test some Italian coffee. Being an avid coffee drinker, and having heard that Italians brew the best in the world, I was quite eager to find a dwarfish bar that would cheerfully quench my craving. I was not disappointed. The cappuccino that I sipped that day was a two-layer affair, a mountain of rich foamy milk atop a modest amount of strong, hot espresso. It was heavenly. As I swirled the thick steaming layers together, I was fascinated by the lively Italian being spoken in the bar, the laughter, and the peace and ease in the bartenders face. I felt honored to be privy to the rituals that were taking place before my eyes. Coffee is a truly a mythological treasure. It serves the dual functions of waking one up and providing one with relaxation. It is both acid and base, bitter and sweet, caustic and comforting. It is used for an array o f purposes to soothe, to cash in ones chips energy, to lend fortitude, to bring people together. Sometimes it is ascribed almost supernatural healing properties. In Mario Puzos The Fortunate Pilgrim, coffee takes these roles and more the drinking of coffee is an vastly important ritual that serves a myriad of social functions and responds to a wide range of human emotions. Wine, arguably the only other substance surrounded by so much myth and ritual, also plays a part in Puzos novel, but it is coffee that is the drink of choice and ritual for Lucia Santa. Early in the novel, the beverage is aptly described as ceremonial Lucia Santa served the ceremonial coffee, then said, Zia Louche, I am going to see the little one. Care for the girl and Lorenzo. Do me this favor. (Puzo 36) Coffee is the focal point of the meeting, a warming beverage to represent the warmth between two people. It is this warmth, this caring human connection, that enables Lucia Santa to ask her friend for a favor. At the same time, the hot coffee lends fire to her courage and conviction, giving her the requisite strength to confront Filomena. (37) Interestingly, coffee becomes a pacifier, a salve, when Lucia Santa returns from Filomenas sept shaken and distraught with her baby Vincenzo in her arms.

Hound Of The Baskervilles Essay -- essays research papers

SUMMARYEntering the office and showing Holmes and Watson an 18th century objet dartuscript, Dr. James Mortimer tells the myth of Hugo Baskerville. Hugo captured and imprisoned a young awkward girl at his estate in Devonshire. He then became the victim of a hound of hell as he chased her along the lonely(a) moors late one night. Ever since that day, James Mortimer reports, the Baskerville family has been haunted by a mysterious and supernatural black hound. The recent death of Sir Charles Baskerville has brought back suspicions and fears. The next of kin, Holmes and Watson catch out out, has arrived in London to take up his post at Baskerville Hall, but he has already been intimidated by an anonymous warning note and the larceny of a shoe.The duo quickly discovers that Sir Henry Baskerville is being followed in London by a mysterious bearded stranger, and they speculate as to whether the mystery man is a friend or an enemy. Holmes, however, says he is too busy in London to accom pany Mortimer and Sir Henry to Devonshire to investigate the bottom of the case, so he sends Dr. Watson to be his eyes and ears, asking him to report back regularly.Arriving in Devonshire, Watson discovers a state of emergency, with armed guards on the lookout for an escaped prisoner wandering the moors. He meets authority suspects in Mr. Barrymore and Mrs. Barrymore, Mr. Jack Stapleton and his sister Beryl, Baskerville neighbours.A series of mysteries happen Barrymore is caught lurking around the mansion at ni...