Grievance Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Grievance Process - Assignment Example The research objective correlates with the desire and aim of management to develop productive and satisfactory procedures for improving service quality. The goal system of an organisation is based on the aspirations that drive the current practices, and the complex hierarchy of interconnected goals is defined by the desires and aims supported by other aims (Eden and Ackerman 1998). The aim of this research is to critically evaluate the grievance and disciplinary process to ensure that it is a viable and strategic management resource for understanding employee, management and organisation relationships (Davenport 1995). The outline of objectives is based on the following literature review. The literature review was used to first develop a framework for consistent theories in strategic management. Therefore, the objectives are approached from a human interaction standpoint and not a political, legal or implied quantitative position. The rational planning school defines the objective in advance by determining the current strategic position, and then using a prescriptive approach that exemplifies the strategic analysis, development and implementation (Lynch 2000). This is a strong foundation of the research proposal as the perspective approach is a systematic method that follows in sequence (Lynch 2000). This is used as a cyclic approach to a series of rationales instead of being sequential, and is most often seen in organisations where environment and strategy are constantly analysed (Lynch 2000). To find information regarding accounting management practices, qualitative data will be collected. This allows for an evaluation of the results to be made on the empirical views and new information to be gathered in a timely and inexpensive manner where other methods are based on information that is already in existence. Examining the components of the grievance process will collect qualitative data. Collection of information will be from theoretical management review and the relationship to Mersey Care NHS Trust grievance and disciplinary procedure. Outline of Key Concerns In the socially motivated health care industry, strategic management must look beyond functionality and towards a support system for innovation, developing core competencies and knowledge based communication. Breaking from the traditional mindset to incorporate a strategic plan that is focused on encouraging an employees knowledge-based value often includes training, reward systems, and encouragement (Harrison and Enz p45 2005). The grievance policy must deal with the process of the grievance and response as well as the people

Manage Recruitment, Selection & Induction Essay Example for Free

Manage Recruitment, Selection Induction Essay Question 1: Explain the role of probation as part of the recruitment process. All new staff employees are required to serve a probationary period. The probationary period allows the Department and the employee the opportunity to assess each others suitability. It is the responsibility of the Supervisor to continually review the services of staff on probation. An employee must be consulted if there are any problems with performance. Question 2: Explain the term ‘merit selection’ and its implication on equal employment opportunity. Selection based on merit is where the best possible match is made between qualifications, knowledge, skills, abilities and relevant experience of the applicants, and the selection criteria in the Position Description. When assessing applicants, only selection criteria are taken into account; that is, unlawful discrimination based on other applicant characteristics must not occur. In the case of casual and sessional staff, merit is determined by assessing applicants qualifications, skills, knowledge and experience against the duties to be performed. Question 3: Explain the relevant terms and conditions of employment. Not every code of practice of the employer which is referenced within the contract may have any force, but rather, can be used as a guideline. Therefore, when considering whether or not a specific document imposes contractual obligations, the test to be applied in determining intention, is whether a reasonable person would come to the conclusion that the person making the promise, had the intention of being bound by the statement. Question 4: Explain at least 2 valid psychometric testing that you can use in your selection process. Aptitude or Ability Tests Aptitude or ability tests provide information on a person’s ability to perform certain tasks and their potential to learn and understand new information and tasks. The tests cover skills such as: Verbal reasoning (critical evaluation of written information) Comprehension/grammar Numerical reasoning (logical interpretation of numerical and statistical information) Abstract, mechanical or spatial reasoning (pattern recognition) Information checking (checking errors / attention to detail tasks) IQ (how quickly you can learn and master a new task) They can be designed to indicate suitability for specific tasks eg computing, keyboard or foreign?language skills. Work style questionnaires (personality/motivation/Emotional Intelligence) Work style questionnaires or inventories are concerned with how you typically behave, such as?the way you relate to others or the way you approach and solve problems. They generally?explore personality characteristics relevant to the world of work. To answer the questions you often need to think about what you would do in a work situation. If you have no formal work experience, think about how you behave in similar situations such as voluntary work, university activities or when you are participating in your hobbies. Work style questionnaires look at factors such as: Ways of thinking, feeling and acting in different situations Interpersonal style, conflict style, leadership style Patterns of coping with stress Interests how much do you like carrying out various types of activities at work. Motivations – look at the energy with which you approach your work, and the different conditions which increase or decrease your motivation. Work values– what factors make work worthwhile for you How you interpret your own and others emotions and behaviours Question 5: A. Explain the term outsourcing? Outsourcing is the act of one company contracting with another company to provide services that might otherwise be performed by in-house employees. Often the tasks that are outsourced could be performed by the company itself, but in many cases there are financial advantages that come from outsourcing. Many large companies now outsource jobs such as call center services, e-mail services, and payroll. These jobs are handled by separate companies that specialize in each service, and are often located overseas. b. What functions can Human Resources outsource in terms of recruitment selection and induction, please states advantages and disadvantages of each. Functions include: – Employee assistance/counseling – Retirement planning help – Pension administration – Temporary staffing – Background checks – Training and management development programs – Executive development and coaching – Health care benefits administration – Employee benefit administration – Payroll – Risk management – Executive staffing – Employee relocation – HRIS selection, training implementation – Recruitment – Executive compensation and incentive plans – Policy writing – Administration of compensation/incentive plans Wage and salary administration Advantages Brings new ideas/talent into the organization get needed competencies Helps organization get needed competencies Provides cross-industry insights May reduce training costs Helps organization meet equal employment opportunity/affirmative action goals Disadvantages May result in misplacement s? Increases recruitment costs? May cause morale problems for internal candidates? Requires longer orientation or adjustment time Question 6: Research the following links to assist you in your answer. a) What is the role of the HREOC? Leading the promotion and protection of human rights in Australia by: Making human rights values part of everyday life and language. Empowering all people to understand and exercise their human rights. Working with individuals, community, business and government to inspire action. Keeping government accountable to national and international human rights standards. Securing an Australian charter of rights. b) What types of complaint can you make to the Commission The Australian Human Rights Commission can investigate and resolve complaints of discrimination, harassment and bullying based on a person’s: Sex, including pregnancy, marital status, breastfeeding, family responsibilities and sexual harassment Disability, including temporary and permanent disabilities; physical, intellectual, sensory, psychiatric disabilities, diseases or illnesses; medical conditions; work related injuries; past, present and future disabilities; and association with a person with a disability Race, including colour, descent, national or ethnic origin, immigrant status and racial hatred Age, covering young people and older people sexual preference, criminal record, trade union activity, political opinion, religion or social origin (in employment only) c) Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986 Grounds of discrimination Breaches of human rights by any Commonwealth body or agency and discrimination in employment on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction, social origin, age, medical record, criminal record, marital status, impairment, disability, nationality, sexual preference, trade union activity. Areas covered Commonwealth body or agency; employment and occupation. Process for decision making Complaint must be in writing. It is then assessed and if within jurisdiction is investigated. If complaint is not declined, conciliation is attempted. If it cannot be conciliated, the Commission prepares a report to the federal Attorney General who then tables the report in Parliament. Question 7 : Summarise the national 10 privacy principles. There are ten National Privacy Principles (NPPs) that regulate how private sector organizations manage personal information. They cover the collection, use and disclosure, and secure management of personal information. They also allow individuals to access that information and have it corrected if it is wrong. NPP 1: collection – Describes what an organization should do when collecting personal information and what is told to the individual on collection. NPP 2: use and disclosure – Outlines how organization discloses and uses individual personal information. Under certain conditions and organization doesn’t always need the individuals consent to disclose personal information. NPPs 3 4: information quality and security An organisation must take steps to ensure the personal information it holds is accurate and up-to-date, and is kept secure from unauthorised use or access. NPP 5: openness An organisation must have a policy on how it manages personal information, and make it available to anyone who asks for it. NPP 6: access and correction Gives individuals a general right of access to their personal information, and the right to have that information corrected if it is inaccurate, incomplete or out-of-date. NPP 7: identifiers Generally prevents an organisation from adopting an Australian Government identifier for an individual (e.g. Medicare numbers) as its own. NPP 8: anonymity Where possible, organisations must give individuals the opportunity to do business with them without the individual having to identify themselves. NPP 9: transborder data flows Outlines how organisations should protect personal information that they transfer outside Australia . NPP 10: sensitive information Sensitive information includes information such as health, racial or ethnic background, or criminal record. Higher standards apply to the handling of sensitive information. Question 8: List the elements contained in a contract of employment. The full name of employer and employee The address of the employer The place of work The title of job or nature of work The date the employment started If the contract is temporary, the expected duration of the contract If the contract of employment is for a fixed term, the details Details of rest periods and breaks as required by law The rate of pay or method of calculation of pay The pay reference period for the purposes of the National Minimum Wage Act 2000 Pay intervals Hours of work That the employee has the right to ask the employer for a written statement of his/her average hourly rate of pay as provided for in the National Minimum Wage Act 2000 Details of paid leave Sick pay and pension (if any) Period of notice to be given by employer or employee Details of any collective agreements that may affect the employee’s terms of employment

Internet Censorship Essays -- essays research papers fc

Censorship of the Internet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "We should demand that all public schools and libraries install and configure Internet Filters." This statement shows how Jeffery Pollock, a candidate for the 3rd Congressional District seat in Oregon, views the Internet. Unfortunately for him, the one thing that he ranted and raved about was the one thing that gave him an unfair disadvantage in the in the upcoming elections. (Blind Ballots) Cyber Patrol, One of the leading Internet censoring companies and is used in over 17,000 schools in the Untied States, actually blocked his website from potential voters. Needless to say, when Mr. Pollock discovered this injustice, some of his views about Internet censorship changed. But Mr. Pollock isn’t the only candidate whose chances of winning are diminished because of Internet censoring software. In Fact, The two leading school censoring products Cyber Patrol and N2H2 Bess, used in over 40,000 schools and school districts across the nation, also blocked millions o f people from viewing Pat Casey’s website, Mark Greene’s website, and over 37 other candidates’ campaign homepages. Most of the millions of people blocked from these campaign pages are also blocked from many pages dealing with gynecology, sex education, racism, gambling, ethics, teen parenting, and the list continues. (Blind Ballots)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certainly in some situations, censorship of some material can be justified. For example, A first grade teacher takes her students to the computer lab for a day, the teacher wouldn’t want the kids getting hounded by hundreds of porn sites, but would it really make a difference if a six year old kid was using a censored internet or uncensored internet? A kid is not going to be looking for anything that has to do with porn or anything remotely close to getting blocked. If a child goes to Yahoo and searches for cartoons or the mighty morphin’ power rangers, they will not get pummeled by so called â€Å"bad† internet sites, so there will not be anything to censor anyway.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Middle School and High School students across the nation are often required to do research papers and the Internet is a logical source because it contains so much useful information. It would be much harder for a senior in high school to find information about sex education or sexually transmitted diseases on a censored internet because the current software simply ca... ...th 6 person has a greater advantage using a computer with a complete database of information. Works Cited Bennett (2000) Blocking Software FAQ. Retrieved November 28, 2000 from the World Wide Web. http://www.peacefire.com/info/blocking-software-faq.html Bobby Ross (2000) What is Memorial Day?. Retrieved November 25, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://members.aol.com/ceharger/what_is_memorial_day.htm Greg Lindsay (1997) Cybersitter Decides To Take A Time Out. Retrieved November 28, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.time.com/time/digital/daily/0,2822,12392,00.html Hazelton, Bennett and Mcarthy, Jamie (2000) Blind Ballots. Retrieved November 26, 2000 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the World Wide Web: http://www.peacefire.org/blind-ballots/ Linthicum, David S. (1999) â€Å"Site Building.† Computer Shopper Nov. 1999: 246. Unknown (1999). Censorship of the Internet. Retrieved November 26, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.epic.com/censhp Unknown (1999). How a Bill Becomes a Law. Retrieved November 25, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.expage.com/amonroe4993 Weckert, John and Adeney, Douglas (1997) Computer and Information Ethics Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Domestic Terrorism

Domestic Terrorism in the United States Thomas A. Salisbury HSM 305 Survey of Homeland Security and Emergency Management Professor Erick Stone January 22, 2012 Domestic Terrorism in the United States Domestic terrorism is a real threat to this country. This type of attack is nothing new to this country but until the threat of international terrorism became prominent, there was not a large focus on domestic terrorism. With a look at history, domestic terrorists are a greater threat to security than international terrorists. Some of these threats are easily preventable and others are more difficult to see coming.The Department of Homeland Security needs to focus on domestic terrorist threats with the same effort as they do for international threats. The official definition of terrorism according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation is â€Å"the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social goals†. (Smith, 1994 p6). This definition guides how the FBI takes defines possible terrorist organizations and takes action against them.Terrorists may be left or right wing, from any religious background or any race. This is what makes identifying these groups of people very difficult. While law enforcement would like to say that a typical terrorist is a young, affluent, white male, for example, it is impossible to make that distinction. There is no profile that would fit terrorists in their entirety. It is possible for a terrorist from a certain group to fit a certain profile. A white supremacist group would have a certain type of person as a member. A black militant group would have a totally different type of person.With this being the case, it is important to identify the group of people rather than the individual. Some groups focus on a single issue such as anti-nuclear power or anti-fur trade while others call for greater changes in politics or ideology. A single, lone terrorist or small cell is the most difficult to detect and stop. In the history of this country, there have been numerous cases of domestic terrorism. Most people were unfamiliar with domestic terrorism until the Oklahoma City Bombing in 1995. This is because most cases of domestic terrorism do not involve such a large loss of life.In many cases, the loss was financial and casualties were low, if any at all. Animal-rights groups have targeted fur dealers by setting fires in vehicles and buildings to destroy these businesses. The Ku Klux Klan may have killed people but the tended to do so one at a time. This does not create as much of a media buzz as a bombing that kills dozens. By doing this, some of these groups may stay out of the spotlight but in reality, they are more deadly than a single bomber. When unions were forming early in the twentieth century, there were incidences of terrorism on both sides.Strikers were attacked and fac tories were sabotaged. Some of these incidents resulted in the loss of life and almost all involved financial losses. Sometimes, these conflicts are taking place today. Political change is the aim of some of these groups. Communist organizations wanted to make the United States a Marxist country. Organizations also united under a common cause such as in 1981 when the Weather Underground (WU), the Black Liberation Army (BLA) and the Black Panther party united to form the May 19th Communist Organization (M19CO). (Smith, 1994).This group robbed armored cars to fund operations that resulted in the deaths of security officers. A crime that is in the headlines may actually be a terrorist attack used to gain money. Law enforcement must investigate fully to find out why the crime took place. A look back in history may show that terrorists were active even during the Revolution. The Boston Tea Party was staged by colonists who were protesting taxes imposed by the English. (Les Benedict, 2006 ). This incident, along with others, like the burning of a revenue ship in Rhode Island, was done to effect a change in English policy towards the colonies.The English would have viewed these acts as terrorism by today’s standards. Terrorism has also taken place during the Atlanta Olympics and at an abortion clinic when Eric Rudolph planted bombs that killed and injured people. Only an alert security guard at the Olympics prevented a tragedy. A current threat of terrorism is through the use of gangs by international organizations. Al-Qaeda has been closely working with the gang Mara Salvatrucha or MS-13. MS-13 has many ways of passing security at the Mexican border and wants to make money.Al-Qaeda can use them to provide resources and people to use. (Starita, 2009). MS-13 also wishes to have an international presence and a cooperation would give them prestige. Gangs in general present a threat to homeland security and this gang is one of the largest. According to some sources , there are as many as 96,000 members and many sympathizers. (Starita, 2009). This presents a large threat with the potential of many operatives and resources in place already. As with other terrorist groups, these gangs can come together if there is a common cause that suits all of them.Responsibility for preventing terrorist incidents starts with the average citizen. Law enforcement agencies have many types of incidents to respond to and anti-terrorism is only one of them. If a person notices something suspicious such as a person buying many weapons and ammunition, looking for information on bomb-making and materials or becoming radical in their ideology, it would be extremely helpful to notify an agency for an investigation. Many times the first signs of an impending attack would be noticed by a civilian. This could be a friend, family member, coworker or a store clerk.A bystander may also notice an unattended package or suspicious person in an area. This may be just enough to wa rd off the attack if the police are notified promptly. A major difficulty facing law enforcement in the prevention of these incidents is working within the justice system of the United States. The police have to follow procedures and rule laid out in the Bill of Rights and subsequent laws. These laws restrict the rights of law enforcement and protect the rights of the citizens. The First Amendment gives the freedom of religion and speech and of the press.A person can go to a mosque or church that may be radical in their teachings. They may voice their radical opinions as long as it is not an outright threat. Even printed materials about their views are legal. According to the Second Amendment, a person can buy arms and ammunition legally. In order for police to obtain a search warrant, probable cause must be present. (Les Benedict, 2006). Just because a person goes to a radical mosque, a search for bomb-making materials cannot be obtained without probable cause that the materials ar e there. A person cannot be persecuted based on loose suspicions.Therefore, a tip has to be followed up by an investigation to see if the person is doing something illegally. Only if reliable information is present can the police obtain the warrant and execute it. The warrant can be very specific on what can be searched instead of being broad. This may hamper the police from finding evidence as well. In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, President George Bush, along with Congress, passed the USA-PATRIOT Act. The Act is an acronym for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. Del Carmen, 2009). While the act was passed as a reaction to an international terrorist incident, it applies to domestic terrorism as well. This act provided new rules for electronic surveillance such as wiretaps and using technology to gain evidence. These new rules relaxed the requirements for obtaining these types of surveillance. Access to personal information was gained by using fusion centers for intelligence on suspects. The use of these centers has been criticized as being a violation of civil rights by some people. (Del Carmen, 2009).Some provisions of the act have been declared invalid by some courts and the fight against the act will continue into the future. With the provisions of the act, law enforcement has broader authority in investigating individuals and organizations that are suspected of planning terrorist acts. This authority has to be used with good police work like investigations in order to prosecute the right people. Another difficulty law enforcement has is that the process of stopping domestic terrorists is not just intelligence work and conducting a military-style operation to eliminate the threat.Criminal procedure has to be followed. Evidence must be collected in order to prosecute the offenders at a later date. This means the rules of evidence must be followed to in clude chain of custody, proper collection techniques, and documentation. Care must be taken to protect evidence during operations and after the operation is conducted. Multiple agencies may be involved and coordination is necessary between those agencies. A simple incident of a white powder coming from an envelope in the mail involves many agencies. A Hazardous Materials Team would test the powder and most likely take evidence from the scene.Not only would local police be involved but possibly state police and definitely federal law enforcement such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Postal Service Inspectors. Due to many state and federal laws being involved, there has to be coordination between these agencies as to who gets control of the evidence, suspects, and is the prosecuting agency. These difficulties have to be managed in order to prosecute properly. By prosecuting properly, this may deter future incidents. Without this determent, the terrorist may fee l that they can make future attacks without penalty.Response to an incident of domestic terrorism is a multifaceted operation. In most cases, many agencies will be involved. The type of incident that takes place and its location will determine what agencies become involved. All of these agencies have to be prepared to respond and also to cooperate with other agencies on the scene of the incident. Agencies not on the scene may also have a stake in the response and they have to be included as well. The National Incident Management System was created by a Homeland Security Presidential Directive in 2004 in order to provide for a national Incident Command System. Bullock, 2013). The ICS had been used by many agencies in the past but had not been used on a national scale. ICS was created to deal with California wildfires in the nineteen-seventies and was adopted by many fire departments to manage their incidents effectively. (Bullock, 2013). The system uses a single Incident Commander or Unified Command in a leadership position to manage the whole incident. The IC can call on other functions such as command, operations, logistics and finance as the management if the incident progresses. (Bullock, 2013). Use of this system is critical to a good response and recovery.The first agencies to respond will most likely be local fire and police departments. They are the agencies with the most resources close to the scene at the outset. The fire department and emergency medical services will primarily deal with life safety and mitigating hazards that are potentially life threatening. The local police will be the first to gather witnesses and evidence. It is important for these agencies to notify other agencies when the incident requires it. Arson may turn out to be a terrorist incident even though not readily apparent at the outset.A bombing will probably be more apparent. Recognizing an incident for what it is will help an agency bring in the appropriate resources quickly. Some other agencies that may need to be involved include the National Guard, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, FBI and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. If the incident involves radioactive material or biological hazards, the Department of Energy or the Center for Disease Control may be needed. Private companies may be needed for equipment or expertise. All of these entities have to be managed by an Incident Commander.Recognizing the hazards and the incident nature quickly is important. During the 1995 bombing of the Alfred Murrah Building in Oklahoma City, first responders noticed the crater left by the bomb and immediately consulted the FBI. (Cook, 2009). Originally the incident was thought to be a natural gas explosion. By recognizing the incident as terrorism, the proper agencies were then brought in to protect and handle evidence as well as provide some protection to the first responders. In the case of a mass casualty incident, a critical incident stress team may be needed as well.It is important for first responders to protect themselves during a terrorist incident. A secondary device may be present to kill or injure them in order to hamper rescue and recovery efforts. Eric Rudolph planted a secondary device during a bombing at an abortion clinic. This device was planted where the incident command center would be set up. (Ostrow, 1998). Rudolph has observed first responders during multiple false alarms and noticed where command was set up. All Hazards Response was a system that came about after the attacks of 9/11.The Nation Response Plan was created to facilitate an efficient response to a major incident. (Bullock, 2013). This framework helps agencies responding to an incident to integrate with other agencies and pool resources to mitigate the incident. Many agencies may be responding to an incident and a plan to handle the response was necessary. By using NIMS, ICS and the National Response Plan, agencies are coordinated the same way acr oss the country. No matter where the incident takes place, agencies can know what to expect for a system in place before their arrival on the scene.Exercises like Vigilant Guard take agencies such as the National Guard, first responders, state and federal agencies and put them together to practice a response to an incident. In order to become better at responding, these exercises must be held, and agencies willing to take part, to be successful. Domestic terrorism is a real threat to the country. The history of this country shows that this is nothing new and it can be expected to be a threat in the future. Proper planning and the use of exercises are needed to practice the coordination of various agencies.Intelligence and prosecution of offenders has to be a priority to prevent future attacks. The public has to be vigilant and notify the authorities of any suspicions. Prevention of domestic terrorism is a real threat and it is the responsibility of the whole country to prevent attac ks as well as respond properly to them. References: Bullock, J. , Haddow, G. , & Coppola, D. (2013). Introduction to homeland security: Principles of all-hazards risk management (4th Ed. ). Waltham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Starita, Cynthia. (2009).Mounting Threat of Domestic Terrorism: Al-Qaeda and the Salvadoran Gang MS-13. El Paso, TX: LFB Publishing. Retrieved from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford Cook, Alethia. (2009). Emergency Response to Domestic Terrorism: How Bureaucracies Reacted to the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing. Retrieved from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford Cordesman, A. H. (2002). Terrorism, Asymmetric Warfare, and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Defending the U. S. Homeland. Praeger. From: http://web. ebscohost. com Smith, B. L. (1994).Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams. State University of New York Press. From: http://web. ebscohost. com Kamien, D. (2010). The McGraw-Hill Homeland Security Handb ook. (1st Ed. ). USA: McGraw-Hill Les Benedict, M. (2006). The Blessings of Liberty. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Del Carmen, R. (2009). Criminal Procedures. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning Ostrow, R. (1998, October 15). Survivalist Charged in Olympic, Other Atlanta Blasts. Los Angeles Times. p 20. Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com. proxy/library. ashford. edu/docview/421436549? accountid=32521

Environmental economics Essay

Studies by economists suggest that markets become unproductive as external effects of electricity exploration, global warming and acidic rain water becomes rampant. Previous economic research and analysis overlooked this concept. Externalities, a sort of market failure, once it exists, it deviates the costs in a market from the true marginal costs and marginal benefits allied to the goods and services dealt with in the sell. Various forms of government intercession in the allotment of public goods, services and peripheral costs and benefits result in market failure (Pearce 41). The formation of property rights, conventions and market based taxes and subsidies change the marginal costs and benefits of a market. Introduction This study defines environmental economics as aspects of economics focused on environmental subjects. Externality is pointed out as a circumstance in which a private economy is deficient in incentives to create a prospective market in some good and the absence of these market consequences in the loss of effectiveness (Crocker and Rogers 67). Externality exists when an individual makes a preference that influences other persons that are not financially credited for in the market value. Economic externality is presented on every occasion the well-being of a person is shaped by the economic behaviors of others exclusive of fastidious notice to the welfare of that person. Market failure will imply that markets fall short to assign resources proficiently. This market failure takes place when the market does not allot limited resources like water and electricity to produce the utmost social wellbeing. Studies indicates that lodge subsist between what a specific individual does bestowed with market prices and what society expect the person to do to care for the environment. This lodge means profligacy, economic incompetence and resource allocation make, as a minimum, an individual more contented while making someone else worse off. Widespread types of market failure consist of externalities, non excludability and non contention. The environment has developed into a scarce resource. This facilitates economics to deal with scarce resources as well as environmental troubles. Economics makes sure that the marginal costs and the marginal benefits of environmental actions are proportionate. Estimation of these marginal costs and benefits pose a challenge as demand arises before environmental laws, regulations and policies are determined on a society level. Research shows economic and environmental aims are recognized as being incongruous. Choice has to be made between one another since they can not be reached concomitantly (Crocker and Rogers 67). For instance, externalities spawned in a localized area are restricted to this place and may brim over to further jurisdiction. Moreover, local governments may be well-versed about regulating use of electricity and prevention of water pollution in their jurisdiction. They accomplish these missions without minding the special effects of their proceedings of other jurisdictions. The continuation of locally-generated waste discharge impinges on the proper assignment of both costs and tax errands amongst altitudes of government. The study shows that local government can neither create nor address the externality. The examination of the connotation of decentralization for devising of counteractive policies is outlined (Crocker and Rogers 67). The economic justification requires the utilization of differential tariffs to direct economic externalities personified in paying for water and electricity services. Economic effectiveness obliges that taxes and subsidies are appropriate to internalize either external marginal costs or benefits. Products such as timber that causes widespread deforestation leading to destruction of water catchments should be differentially tariffed to stop expanding environmental externalities. The scale of tariffs necessary to offset the anticipated environmental dent is ever increasing. Services rooted at environmental conservation, use of electrical energy as opposed to coal, should be used as instances of positive externalities and be focus to a subvention. Smog-related diseases like bronchitis and asthma are linked to emissions of carbon dioxides from coal-burning factories (Seneca and Taussig 12). This ill health has far above the ground management costs that are not included in the electricity-use industries. Various environmental tribulations start from externalities of energy manufacture, distribution and utilization. Water pollution, global warming and acid rain are result from discharge of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen oxides coming from burning of fossil fuels. It is shown that oil spills, oil and gas drilling, coal mining and underground storeroom for oil and gasoline lead to marine dilapidation, wildlife obliteration and inaccessibility of quality of fresh water. The nuclear power industry together with desertification is ascribed to the current global warming. These negative externalities have sturdy socioeconomic and environmental welfare outcomes. Since market services establish a great deal of energy production and consumption, allied externalities are outside the capability of the market to determine. Consider how markets assign resources like energy capably. Figure 1a demonstrates a representative stipulate and supply diagram for a commodity (e. g. , coal) or service. In support of lots of goods, the demand curve mirrors marginal private benefit and the supply curve replicates marginal private cost, because merchandise are created and used privately. The marginal benefit curve, being downward-sloping, reveals that populace disburses less for extra units of commodities as they use more of them. The marginal benefit curve indicates people’s readiness to reimburse for commodities, hence the downward slope implies as the price of the commodities drops off, people are agreeable to buy more of them. This curve illustrates the quantity of a good that is required at each price. Correspondingly, the marginal cost curve shows the quantity that is produced per price. The upward slope of the marginal cost curve replicate rising costs of manufacture as well as the willingness of producers to avail supplementary goods at superior prices. Figure 1. The regions beneath the curves correspond to benefits from consumption, and costs of production, of an article of trade. Benefits and costs swell as more of the good or services is consumed and produced in that order. The benefits become higher than costs till the spot where Marginal Private Benefits contemporaries Marginal Private Costs, after that, costs become higher. As a result, disposable private benefits are capitalized when Marginal Private benefits contemporaries Marginal Private Costs, with Q units of the commodity are required and supplied at a cost of P. The region surrounded by triangle ABC in Figure 1a stands for greatest net private benefits. The diagram shows that Social Net Benefits are exploited when Marginal Private Benefits and Marginal Private Costs are very similar to Marginal Social Benefits and Marginal Social Cost, in that order. This implies markets proficiently apportion resources to attain this result. Market failure results every time deviation subsists between Marginal Private Costs and Marginal Social Costs, and between Marginal Private Benefits and Marginal Social Benefits. Research based on economics show that market failure is caused by externalities, imperfect markets, incomplete markets, public goods among others. It has been noted that social net benefits have to be used in taking into account how energy externalities inflict costs on society. Basing on the example above, private market forces encourage manufacture and use of Q units at a price of P and social net benefits are capitalized on at a point where Marginal Social Benefits are similar to Marginal Social Costs with manufacture of Q* units at a price of P*. From Figures 1b and 1c, greatest achievable social net benefits are characterized by triangles ABG and ABF, in that order. Market manufacture and use of Q units give social net benefits similar to region ABG a smaller region GCD in Figure 1b and region ABF not as much of region ECF in Figure 1c. Therefore externalities inflict costs on society by create impossibility to achieve greatest social net benefits. Negative externality like energy-relayed pollution entails private market production of a great deal of energy and pollution can be depicted by Figure 1b. Likewise, positive externality like tree planting enrichment by carbon dioxide release from the burning of fossil fuels entails that excessively tiny energy is produced can be shown by Figure 1c. This cases show that the market price for energy is very low. In truth, the preeminent representation of energy externalities would be that of Figure 1b, this is because pollution special effects overshadow the growing of trees hence the ensuing external result of energy manufacture and use is negative. The resolution to the tribulations created by energy externalities is to make the external internal, so as the external costs and benefits are built-in in the business and further behavior involved in the manufacture and use of energy. The behaviors like public policy which make use of a tax to elevate energy prices and control energy making to socially sought-after levels would resolve energy externality tribulations. Energy is a significant issue of production. Policies that influence energy price and quantity in the end shape the whole economy. Discussion From the analysis, the tribulations that energy externalities showed were actually made complex by factors like energy effluence, market failure concerns and unsuitable government intercession. It is only theoretical to internalize the externalities of air pollution and release that lead to global warming. Motionless power plants are bulky and not many (Hackett 280). They are run by proficient directors who most of the time presents undemanding local effluence patterns. On the other hand, mobile power plant sources of pollution are copious, run by persons and confuse local effluence outlines. Impurities build up in the environment have an effect on prospect generations, bring in intergenerational impartiality problems and problems (Tisdell 36). This is evidenced by excess carbon dioxide releases in the air causing global warming. Although carbon dioxide is linked to sharp increase in global warming and gradual changes in climate, it does not contribute to market and external marginal costs and benefits. Conclusion The study shows that the effect of energy pollutants on the environment can be confined to restricted, regional or even international area. As these regions of influence of pollutants enlarge beyond local borders, the political intricacy of taking on and putting into practice control procedures are compounded. Concerning level of pollution, Carbon dioxide effluence policy necessitates international support while sulfur oxide policies call for nationwide policy. Countries like United States employs use of a program to trade sulfur discharge while Japan taxes sulfur oxides, yet there little advancement in international effort to have power over carbon dioxide. Most of rising nations dread to involve themselves in carbon dioxide release reduction programs as they believe it will hold back their economic growth. The research indicates that the challenges facing energy externalities include the natural history of energy pollutant, uncertainty and dimension issue, income allotment, intergenerational impartiality, economic progress among others (Tisdell 36). The economic justification requires the utilization of differential tariffs to direct economic externalities personified in paying for water and electricity services. A final observation is that externalities, a sort of market failure, once it exists, it deviates the costs in a market from the true marginal costs and marginal benefits allied to the goods and services dealt with in the sell.

The Level Of Violence On Screen Essays - The Jerry Springer Show

The Level Of Violence On Screen Essays - The Jerry Springer Show The Level Of Violence On Screen The Analyzation of Violence on Screen In the last few years, I have noticed that on screen violence has become as common as a Cheesesteak in Philadelphia. People often argue that the violence seen on screen is influencing our culture, yet each year the amount of viewers' increase. It seems that in order for your film or program to be successful it must contain violence. In my opinion, this constant levitation of violence on screen is due to our cultures' infatuation with the art of violence. Violence is present in the most of our cultures most enjoyedfilms like Independence Day, daytime talk shows such as Jerry Springer and even in cartoons that have been around forever like Tom & Jerry. I can recall a time when daytime talk shows (Donahue, Oprah) would hardly ever have audience feed back and very few panelists. My how times have changed. On today's talk shows, such as Jerry Springer, there is always a boisterous audience member, or an insane guest. Just as sure as you will find Abe Lincoln on a penny, you will see a cha ir fly on Jerry Springer. The Springer show was the first show to have guests' fight without stopping the camera. Jerry Springers' blatant disrespect for daytime show rules stirred controversy in the media but it also stirred up something in the public. interest.Although Jerry Springer had gone against all the rules of daytime, his rebellion had made his talk show the most watched show in the nation. When the Springer show surpassed the ratings of all time favorite Oprah Whinfrey, it was re-established that violence sells. Recently the Springer show has stopped airing its' fierce and very real fights for many reasons, one being that 23% of the people that watched his show are under the age of sixteen. Although Jerry Springer is a show intended for adults, childrens' shows contain violence as well.When I was a child, I saw nothing wrong with the Elmer Fudd hunting Rabbits or other Looney Tune characters being blown up, shot, or thrown off a cliff. Wile E. Cyote was always being kille d while scheming to catch the Road Runner. The most popular cartoons always contained violence. Though not the most violent, Tom & Jerry exhibited the cat and mouse chase with a little extra. There have been countless times I have been glued to the TV as Tom was beaten up, cut up, or strangled by the witty mouse Jerry. It did not even strike me as violence, but it was. I watched Tom & Jerry a few days ago, I realized that the whole show was based on Tom and Jerry trying to kill each other. Tom trying to kill Jerry to eat him or keep his master and mistress happy and Jerry trying to kill Tom to save his life. There weren't a lot of weapons used in Tom & Jerry except for a few explosives here and there but never any guns like in many big screen movies.Everyone loves to go to the movie theatre with their over priced snacks and sticky floors, but what makes movies sell? The films that make the most money at the box offices are usually action films that have many fist fights, explosives and big guns. Independence Day grossed more at the box offices than any other film in history. The movies plot was typical. A group of fearless humans attempts to save the earth from vicious extraterrestrial. Will Smith fist fought aliens, blew up planets and clobbered all the bad guys. The movie was consisted of a visual feast of explosives, property damages, and incredible sound effects. Independence Day was to Sci-Fi what Twister was to disaster films. Although Independence Day contained a massive amount of violence almost every person in America went to see it, and loved it. Just because our culture loves violence on screen, it does not mean that we all have sick and tormented minds, we are not all just killers waiting to happen. Our culture is obsessed with real issues being dramatized . There is nothing wrong with having violence in films and on T.V. If a person wants to sit down

I Hate World Music essays

I Hate World Music essays Why does David Byrne Hate World music? Can you find other examples of this cultural bias in American Pop Culture? I hate world music. Thats probably one the most perverse reason I have been asked to write about it (Byrne 1). Those were the words of David Byrne introducing his position, feelings and attitude towards the term world music. The above quotation not only sets the tone of Byrnes argument, but it also represents his disillusions with the term world music. Personally, I do not believe Byrne hates world music; in fact he is passionate about world music. Byrne is very disappointed with the way anything that is anti-western popular culture is portrayed- in this case, world music. He believes that regardless of stereotypes everyone should have access to this kind of music. World music is constantly being suppressed and oppressed, its not prolific and this limits its ability to saturate the market and maximize its true industry power. Byrne is appalled by the constant Them and Us categorizing and separating that the American culture has been doing with world music. He sees this as a strategic and organized way of dismissing anything that is anti-western popular culture in style, taste and appeal. Byrne strongly and enthusiastically expressed that there are some really terrific music being made out there. However, due to the constant oppression, exploitation, and limitation that faces this kind of music only a small amount is consumed. While Ricky Martin, Shakira, Los Del Rio and Gloria Estefan has somehow made the transition, and have broken a few records, this is just a blimp on the music radar that is dominated by western popular music. Cultural biases are also observed in other American popular culture such as movies- Hollywood versus the world. Producers of movies that are anti-we...